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Cited by 726Food composition and propertiesNutritional Studies and DietDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes,,

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Willett, Walter, Manson, JoAnn, Liu, Simin·2002·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.274s
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Abstract

The possibility that high, long-term intake of carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed as glucose may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes has been a long-standing controversy. Two main mechanisms have been hypothesized, one mediated by increases in insulin resistance and the other by pancreatic exhaustion as a result of the increased demand for insulin. During the past decade, several lines of evidence have collectively provided strong support for a relation between such diets and diabetes incidence. In animals and in short-term human studies, a high intake of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (a relative measure of the incremental glucose response per gram of carbohydrate) produced greater insulin resistance than did the intake of low-glycemic-index carbohydrates. In large prospective epidemiologic studies, both the glycemic index and the glycemic load (the glycemic index multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate) of the overall diet have been associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Conversely, a higher intake of cereal fiber has been consistently associated with lower diabetes risk. In diabetic patients, evidence from medium-term studies suggests that replacing high-glycemic-index carbohydrates with a low-glycemic-index forms will improve glycemic control and, among persons treated with insulin, will reduce hypoglycemic episodes. These dietary changes, which can be made by replacing products made with white flour and potatoes with who…

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  • Hyperinsulinaemia has been implicated as a risk factor for arteriosclerosis, CVD, diabetes, cancer, and juvenile myopia.

    “In addition, hyperinsulinaemia has also been implicated as a risk factor for the development of arteriosclerosis (Leeds, 2002), CVD (Frost et al. 1999;Leeds, 2002), diabetes (Willett et al. 2002), cancer (McKeown-Eyssen, 1994;Giovannucci, 1995) and juvenile myopia (Cordain et al. 2002).”

    From Glycaemic index methodology (2005) · cites this paper as Willett et al. 2002

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Authors
Willett, W., Manson, J., & Liu, S.
Affiliations
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Willett, Walter
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-07
Volume
76
Issue
1
Pages
274S-280S
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/ajcn/76.1.274s
OpenAlex
W4252900768
Cited by
726
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 41
FWCI
27.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords
glycemic index, glycemic load, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dietary carbohydrates, cereal fiber, whole grains, white flour, insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular risk, diabetes prevention
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Food, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Risk Factors

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