A Systematic Review for Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Reserve Across the Cognitive Aging Spectrum
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OBJECTIVE: Cognitive reserve has been proposed to explain the discrepancy between clinical symptoms and the effects of aging or Alzheimer's pathology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may help elucidate how neural reserve and compensation delay cognitive decline and identify brain regions associated with cognitive reserve. This systematic review evaluated neural correlates of cognitive reserve via fMRI (resting-state and task-related) studies across the cognitive aging spectrum (i.e., normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease). METHOD: This review examined published articles up to March 2017. There were 13 cross-sectional observational studies that met the inclusion criteria, including relevance to cognitive reserve, subjects 60 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and/or Alzheimer's disease, at least one quantitative measure of cognitive reserve, and fMRI as the imaging modality. Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Across the cognitive aging spectrum, medial temporal regions and an anterior or posterior cingulate cortex-seeded default mode network were associated with neural reserve. Frontal regions and the dorsal attentional network were related to neural compensation. Compared to neural reserve, neural compensation was more common in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neural reserve and compensation both support cognitive reserve, with compensation more common in later stages of the cognitive aging spectrum. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to investigate changes between neural reserve and compensation during the transition between clinical stages, and to explore the causal relationship between cognitive reserve and potential neural substrates.
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Development of expertise is associated with richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.
“The development of expertise is associated with the presence of richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.54,65–67”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
The Introduction (page not available) says cognitive reserve may help people tolerate or compensate for the effects of aging and discusses delaying cognitive decline. It does not address expertise, richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, or protection specifically within a domain of expertise. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Serra, L., Gelfo, F., Petrosini, L., Domenico, C. D., Bozzali, M., & Caltagirone, C. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180609 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“likely observed in the early stages [71].”
Kim, N., Park, U., Yang, D., Choi, S., Youn, Y., & Kang, S.-W. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36713-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Conti, L., Riccitelli, G. C., Preziosa, P., Vizzino, C., Marchesi, O., Rocca, M. A., & Filippi, M. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10331-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“A recent review [13] of fMRI studies and CR highlighted that young adults with higher CR exhibited stronger network deactivation during the performance of several active tasks, suggesting an optimization of network activity.”
BackgroundSoch, J., Richter, A., Schütze, H., Kizilirmak, J. M., Assmann, A., Behnisch, G., Feldhoff, H., Fischer, L., Heil, J., Knopf, L., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25559 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Several fMRI studies point to widespread systems-level activation differences in association with preserved (i.e., little or no differences in comparison to young adults) cognitive and memory performance in particular (Anthony & Lin, 2017; Colangeli et al., 2016; Vidal-Piñeiro et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCognitive fatigue and cortical-striatal network in old age
Ren, P., Anderson, A. J., McDermott, K., Baran, T. M., & Lin, F. V. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101915 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMacPherson, S. E., Allerhand, M., Gharooni, S., Smirni, D., Shallice, T., Chan, E., & Lisa Cipolotti, A. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720000326 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…and inferior frontal gyri, as well as frontal lobe-associated networks (e.g., left anterior intraparietal sulcus; Bastin et al., 2012), have been associated with CR (for a review see Anthony & Lin, 2017), and damage to these specific regions may prevent compensation from CR after brain injury.”
BackgroundA neural mechanism of cognitive reserve: The case of bilingualism
Stevens, W. D., Khan, N., Anderson, J. A. E., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120365 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous work has also investigated differences in RSFC associated with various other CR factors across the lifespan (Anthony and Lin, 2018; Benson et al., 2018; Chan et al., 2018; Franzmeier et al., 2017a – c; Pietzuch et al., 2019; Stern et al., 2021; Weiler et al., 2018).”
BackgroundErsoezlue, E., Rauchmann, B., Schneider-Axmann, T., Wagner, M., Ballarini, T., Tato, M., Utecht, J., Kurz, C., Papazov, B., Guersel, S., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A recent systematic review indicated that FC of medial temporal regions and DMN -mainly in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex-are associated with neural reserve (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
Tau Accumulation and Network Breakdown in Alzheimer’s Disease
Watanabe, H., Bagarinao, E., Yokoi, T., Yamaguchi, H., Ishigaki, S., Michihito, M., Katsuno, M., & Sobue, G. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_19 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, and Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review
Balart-Sánchez, S. A., Bittencourt-Villalpando, M., van der Naalt, J., & Maurits, N. M. (2020) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaa132 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…anterior or posterior cingulate cortex-seeded default mode network were associated with neural reserve, in which certain brain regions or networks are resistant to the effect of neurodegeneration or AD pathology, which is considered a neural implementation supporting CR by Anthony and Lin (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCortical Networks Underpinning Compensation of Verbal Fluency in Normal Aging
Gonzalez‐Burgos, L., Pereira, J. B., Mohanty, R., Barroso, J., Westman, E., & Ferreira, D. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“2020) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Anthony and Lin 2018),”
BackgroundInfluentialBilingual experience and intrinsic functional connectivity in adults, aging, and Alzheimer's disease
Jafari, Z., Perani, D., Kolb, B. E., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14666 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Long-term cognitive trajectory and activities of daily living in healthy aging
Bezdíček, O., Červenková, M., Georgi, H. S., Schmand, B. A., Hladká, A., Rulseh, A. M., & Kopeček, M. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1745895 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Robinson, R., Lähdepuro, A., Tuovinen, S., Girchenko, P. V., Rantalainen, V. J., Heinonen, K., Lahti, J. M. T., Räikkönen, K., & Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01141-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive reserve protects language functions in patients with brain tumours
Campanella, F., Arcara, G., Crescentini, C., Fabbro, F., & Škrap, M. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107769 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mulumba, J., Duan, R., Luo, B., Wu, J., Sulaiman, M., Wang, F., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2025.100675 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Richter, A., Soch, J., Kizilirmak, J. M., Fischer, L., Schütze, H., Assmann, A., Behnisch, G., Feldhoff, H., Knopf, L., Raschick, M., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26281 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Even healthy older adults commonly exhibit a certain degree of cognitive decline and brain structural alterations (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Cabeza et al., 2018; X. Li et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDevos, H., Gustafson, K. M., Liao, K., Ahmadnezhad, P., Kuhlmann, E., Estes, B. J., Martin, L. E., Mahnken, J. D., Brooks, W. M., & Burns, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220890 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) corroborate the protective mechanisms of cognitive reserve across the spectrum of cognitive aging [41].”
Measures of cognitive reserve: An umbrella review
Pinto, J. O., Peixoto, B., Dores, A. R., & Barbosa, F. (2023) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2023.2200978 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
s-CRIq: the online short version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire
Mondini, S., Pucci, V., Pastore, M., Gaggi, O., Tricomi, P. P., & Nucci, M. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02561-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“So far, CRIq has been translated into a number of languages, as reported in Supplementary Materials 3.”
InfluentialMcMackin, R., Dukic, S., Costello, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abd829 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
More flexible brain activation underlies cognitive reserve in older adults
Ducharme‐Laliberté, G., Mellah, S., Boller, B., & Belleville, S. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.02.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Thus, greater neural flexibility can allow older adults with a higher reserve to adapt their patterns of brain activation to cope with exceeding demand, whether this is due to increasing age or task-demand (Anthony and Lin, 2017; Boller et al., 2017; Steffener and Stern, 2012).”
Cognitive Aging: How the Brain Ages?
Zhao, S., Li, Y., Shi, Y., & Li, X. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rivera-Marrero, S., Fernández-Maza, L., Chaviano, S. L., Sablón-Carrazana, M., Bencomo-Martínez, A., Perera‐Pintado, A., Capote, A. P., Zoppolo, F., Kreimerman, I., Pardo, T., et al. (2019) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471012666190102165053 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hérent, P., Jégou, S., Wainrib, G., & Clozel, T. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/413302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…such as medial temporal regions and anterior or posterior cingulate cortex were associated with neural reserve, and neural compensation (ie alternative cognitive strategy when a cognitive dysfunction occurs) in frontal regions and dorsal attention network (for a review, see (Anthony et Lin 2017)).”
BackgroundLiang, C., Subramaniam, P., Goh, N. S. M. R., Tay, K. W., & Moustafa, A. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11212822 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, future research can also look into identifying the neural networks that relate digital device usage to cognitive reserve [51].”
BackgroundLin, Y., Initiative, A. D. N., Zeng, Q., Hu, M., Peng, G., & Luo, B. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201244 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown associations between multiple brain regions with CR during cognitive tasks, such as the posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyrus, hippocampal, frontal lobe, and central anterior gyrus [6].”
Lin, F. V., Heffner, K. L., Gevirtz, R., Zhang, Z., Tadin, D., & Porsteinsson, A. P. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05530-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Vascular-wise, aging-related decline in endothelial function leads to changes in baroreflexes [69]; neurologically, aging-related decline is implicated in the decreased neural efficiency of central autonomic networks [70].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMauti, M., Monachesi, B., Taccari, G., & Rumiati, R. (2024) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106238 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Quinzi, F., Berchicci, M., Bianco, V., Filippo, G. D., Perri, R. L., & Russo, F. D. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.06.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quantitative MRI Evidence for Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Elders and Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease
Fingerhut, H., Gozdas, E., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220197 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Merenstein, J. L., Zhao, J., Overson, D. K., Truong, T., Johnson, K. G., Song, A. W., & Madden, D. J. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad525 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An Effect of Education on Memory-Encoding Activation in Subjective Cognitive Decline
Mizuno, A. N., Karim, H. T., Ly, M. J., Cohen, A. D., Lopresti, B. J., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., Aizenstein, H. J., & Snitz, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201087 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Alongwithpre-frontalregions,asystematicreviewsuggestedthat thedorsalattentionnetwork(i.e.,frontaleyefield, intraparietal sulcus) may underlie cognitive reserve through compensatory activity in older adults and may be associated with AD pathology [19].”
Impact of cognitive reserve on dance intervention-induced changes in brain plasticity
Mitterová, K., Klobušiaková, P., Minsterová, A. Š., Kropáčová, S., Balážová, Z., Točík, J., Vaculíková, P., Skotáková, A., Grmela, R., & Rektorová, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97323-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of the Aging Brain
Cohen, R. A., Porges, E. C., & Gullett, J. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108554350.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kang, J. M., Kim, N., Yun, S. K., Seo, H., Bae, J. N., Kim, W., Na, K., Cho, S., Ryu, S., Noh, Y., et al. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13161 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“6,7 It also explains the model of neuroplasticity through cognitive intervention.”
Buss, S. S., Fried, P. J., Macone, J., Zeng, V., Zingg, E., Santarnecchi, E., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Bartrés‐Faz, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1193407 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Task-based fMRI studies have implicated increased activity within the frontal lobes, temporal lobes, and default mode network as important brain regions supporting neural compensation and CR in older adults (Colangeli et al., 2016; Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundMunthali, G. N. C., Wu, X., Rizwan, M. A., et al. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s311551 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Can Speaking More Than One Language Help Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease?
Mendez, M. F. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230285 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Single-value brain activity scores reflect both severity and risk across the Alzheimer’s continuum
Soch, J., Richter, A., Kizilirmak, J. M., Schütze, H., Ziegler, G., Altenstein, S., Brosseron, F., Dechent, P., Fließbach, K., Freiesleben, S. D., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae149 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zuo, X., Zhuang, J., Chen, N., Cousins, S. W., Cunha, P., Lad, E. M., Madden, D. J., Potter, G. G., & Whitson, H. E. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“On the other hand, a systemic review by Anthony and Lin had suggested that both DMN and medial temporal regions are related to cognitive reserve, but they found few studies that focused on network connectivity as a compensation for cognitive deficits(Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundYu, Y., Ouyang, G., Li, J., & Cao, D. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Eisenstein, T., Yogev‐Seligmann, G., Ash, E. L., Giladi, N., Sharon, H., Shapira‐Lichter, I., Nachman, S., Hendler, T., & Lerner, Y. (2020) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23290 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This is further supported by a meta-analysis by (Anthony & Lin, 2018) demonstrating increased frontal recruitment in healthy older adults and patients with MCI with higher CR. Steffener and Stern (Steffener & Stern, 2012) proposed the concept of neural capacity or the ability to recruit a…”
ResultBuján, A., Sampaio, A., & Pinal, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.854928 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…stronger FC of anterior cingulate cortex with default mode network (DMN) regions, greater local efficiency, and clustering in cuneus and occipital regions) but also with decreased activity (i.e., lower metabolism in DMN and dorsal attention network regions) (see Anthony and Lin, 2018 for a review).”
BackgroundResultThe knowledge domain of cognitive neuroscience of aging: A Scientometric and bibliometric analysis
Jiang, J., Fan, L., & Liu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.999594 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, 2017), neural correlates of cognitive reserve via fMRI (Anthony and Lin, 2018), and the development history of CA (Drag and Bieliauskas, 2010; Anderson and Craik, 2017).”
BackgroundEdge time series components of functional connectivity and cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease
Chumin, E. J., Cutts, S. A., Risacher, S. L., Apostolova, L. G., Farlow, M. R., McDonald, B. C., Wu, Y., Betzel, R. F., Saykin, A. J., & Sporns, O. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00822-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This is consistent with functional interactions of attentional systems and cognitive function, resource recruitment, and reserve (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Bastin et al., 2012; Gordon et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015).”
Thüss, N. S., Bittencourt-Villalpando, M., Balart-Sánchez, S. A., Spikman, J. M., Maurits, N. M., & van der Naalt, J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0220 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Investigating dynamic brain functional redundancy as a mechanism of cognitive reserve
Schwarz, J., Zistler, F., Usheva, A., Fix, A., Zinn, S., Zimmermann, J., Knolle, F., Schneider, G., & Nuttall, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1535657 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhou, L., Yang, W., Liu, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1355546 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Health Behavior Change to Mitigate Dementia Risk: An Updated Review
Sanborn, V. E., Davis, J. D., & Korthauer, L. E. (2024) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-024-00421-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…processes directly, cognitive activity throughout the lifetime may boost cognitive reserve (i.e., the brain’s ability to compensate for injury) through increased connections between neurons and/or higher level of functioning in brain systems less impacted by neurodegenerative diseases [48].”
Ferré, P., Jarret, J., Brambati, S., Bellec, P., & Joanette, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.535770 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“So far, age-related changes in FC have mainly been explored using a resting-state condition (e.g., looking at a fixation cross; Dennis and Thompson, 2014; Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPereira, G. Á., Maruta, C., & Nunes, M. V. S. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104646 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hu, Z., Deng, Y., & Li, B. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2106170 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Neural compensation was suggested to be common in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease [43].”
BackgroundThe contribution of the left precuneus to emotion memory in migraine without aura patients
Li, M., Li, X., Zhu, W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.905942 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, neural reserve and compensation support the cognitive reserve (Anthony and Lin, 2018).”
BackgroundNieto‐Vieites, A., Mallo, S. C., Pérez‐Blanco, L., Felpete, A., Lojo‐Seoane, C., Facal-Mayo, D., Juncos‐Rabadán, O., & Pereiro, A. X. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2220042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Thus, CR has been associated with a delay in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment (Anthony and Lin 2018; Bherer 2015; Nelson et al. 2021).”
BackgroundCooley, S. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781119057840.ch34 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Frau, L., Jonaitis, E. M., Langhough, R. E., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Okonkwo, O. C., & Bruno, D. (2024) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2388904 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…in cognitive performance can be linked to the efficient and flexible recruitment of brain networks (neural reserve) or alternate (compensation), mostly involving prefrontal cortex processes (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Cabeza et al., 2004; Franzmeier et al., 2017) and associated EF (Tucker & Stern, 2011).”
Costello, N., Knight, S. P., Symonds, J. E., & Santos, F. H. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2515183 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The connection between various life experiences (e.g. education, work, and social or leisure activities) and cognitive reserve has received increasing attention, with several reviews providing empirical support (Anthony & Lin, 2018; Kelly et al., 2014, 2017).”
Electrophysiological Proxy of Cognitive Reserve Index
Khachatryan, E., Wittevrongel, B., Perovnik, M., Tournoy, J., Schoenmakers, B., & Hulle, M. M. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.690856 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For these cases, functional neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI (fMRI), are being adopted to unveil the brain networks that are involved in the execution of a task (Anthony and Lin, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeyland, B. R., Lockhart, S. N., Lyday, R. G., Baker, L. D., Handing, E. P., Miller, M. E., Kritchevsky, S. B., Laurienti, P. J., & Hugenschmidt, C. E. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492850 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the context of cognitive reserve and resilience, regional analyses suggest that intrinsic connectivity of the default-mode network (DMN) during rest may play a role in the development of cognitive reserve and resilience with aging [15, 16].”
BackgroundAn Overview of Cognitive Reserve in Aging Based on Keyword Network Analysis
Kim, J., & Kim, M. S. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221139374 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Siciliano, L., Olivito, G., Urbini, N., Silveri, M. C., & Leggio, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11855-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“1 3 to neurodegenerative processes [2, 5].”
BackgroundInfluentialLuo, J., Wang, L., Wei, B., et al. (2025) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-03187-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Three of the four n-RCTs [8, 14, 16, 19] achieved a score of 8 stars on the NOS, where a study with seven or more stars was considered of high quality [30, 31].”
Flórez, J. F. M., Sandoval, L. M. B., Santander, Ó. A. E., & Zuluaga, C. A. M. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf131 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhao, K., Xie, H., Fonzo, G. A., Carlisle, N. B., Jacobs, T., Osorio, R. S., Church, A., Lin, F. V., Zhang, Y., & the ADNI Study Group (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, P.-L., Chung, C.-P., Chou, K.-H., Lee, W.-J., Lin, C.-P., Liang, C.-K., & Chen, L.-K. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121668 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ricci, V., Martinotti, G., & Maina, G. (2026) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2025.100332 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RetractedUšacka, A., Skrule, M., Šneidere, K., Freibergs, Z., Kaupužs, A., & Stepens, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1795165 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Education and neurocognitive aging - is there a relation?
Nyberg, L. H., & Lövdén, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14062-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, J., & Chung, M.-J. (2020) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2020.21.9.358
“각 개인에게 나타나는 인지 예비능의 차이 는 IQ처럼 선천적인 부분도 있지만 일생에 걸친 교육이 나 직업, 여가활동 등 평생에 걸친 다양한 인지적 활동의 경험들이 인지 예비능을 높일 수 있다고 알려져 있다 [5,6].”
Ontology-Based Bibliometric Analysis of PubMed Publications Related to Cognitive Reserves
Bakaev, M., & Разумникова, О. М. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65218-0_36
Cohen, R. A., & Gullett, J. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_674
Cohen, R. A., & Gullett, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_674-1
Hatta, T., Kimura, T., Hatta, T., & Iwahara, A. (2022) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.135.2.02
Crescentini, C., & Feruglio, S. (2023) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24930-3_7
Single-value fMRI scores reflect both stage and risk across the Alzheimer’s disease continuumPreprint
Soch, J., Richter, A., Kizilirmak, J. M., Schütze, H., Ziegler, G., Altenstein, S., Brosseron, F., Dechent, P., Fließbach, K., Freiesleben, S. D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.23296891
“Participants were asked to provide a recognition-confidence rating for each image, using a five-point Likert scale ranging from “sure new” (1) over “don’t know” (3) to “sure old” (5).”
MethodÖztürk, G., Harı, E., Yıldırım, K., Bayram, A., Yıldırım, Z., Demıralp, T., & Gurvit, H. I. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109082
Salvador, L. D. S., Giatti, L., de Souza, L. C., Suemoto, C. K., Bertola, L., Brunoni, A. R., Barreto, S. M., & Caramelli, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5237809
Wei, W., Wei, S., Han, W., Wang, K., Zhang, H., Engström, G., Emami, A., & Li, Z. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01918-w
“…review of fMRI studies examining cognitive reserve mechanisms in MCI and AD reported sample sizes ranging from 11 to 25 participants (not including studies that used large neuroimaging databases) [28], and Ansado et al. [29] included 16 older adults in their fMRI study of neural compensation.”
- Authors
- Anthony, M., & Lin, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Feng
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-13
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 937-948
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-5843
- PMC
- PMC6246379
- OpenAlex
- W2772804633
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NR015452, AG053193)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, neural reserve, neural compensation, cognitive aging, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, default mode network, cingulate cortex, dorsal attention network, frontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, brain regions, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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