Orbitofrontal Cortex and Representation of Incentive Value in Associative Learning
Open accessAbstract
Clinical evidence indicates that damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex disrupts goal-directed actions that are guided by motivational and emotional factors. As a consequence, patients with such damage characteristically engage in maladaptive behaviors. Other research has shown that neurons in the corresponding orbital region of prefrontal cortex in laboratory animals encode information regarding the incentive properties of goals or expected events. The present study investigates the effect of neurotoxic orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions in the rat on responses that are normally influenced by associations between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the incentive value of reinforcement. Rats were first trained to associate a visual CS with delivery of food pellets to a food cup. As a consequence of learning, rats approached the food cup during the CS in anticipation of reinforcement. In a second training phase, injection of LiCl followed consumption of the food unconditioned stimulus (US) in the home cage, a procedure used to alter the incentive value of the US. Subsequently, rats were returned to the conditioning chamber, and their responding to the CS in the absence of the food US was tested. Lesions of OFC did not affect either the initial acquisition of a conditioned response to the light CS in the first training phase or taste aversion learning in the second training phase. In the test for devaluation, however, OFC rats exhibited no change in conditioned responding to the visual CS. This outcome contrasts with the behavior of control rats; after devaluation of the US a significant decrease occurred in approach to the food cup during presentation of the CS. The results reveal an inability of a cue to access representational information about the incentive value of associated reinforcement after OFC damage.
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Animal studies show the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in extinction of fear conditioning in animals with repeated exposure to empty threat.
“These findings are consistent with animal studies showing the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in extinction of fear conditioning in animals with repeated exposure to empty threat (Gallagher et al. 1999).”
From <i>The Adolescent Brain</i> (2008) · cites this paper as Gallagher et al. 1999
The Discussion (page unavailable) says OFC lesions are associated with impaired extinction when reinforcement no longer occurs. But this study tested rats’ responses to a food-associated cue after food devaluation, not extinction of fear conditioning through repeated exposure to a threat that proves harmless. The cited paper supports the general role of OFC in adapting conditioned responses, but not the specific fear-extinction claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning.
“The OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning (118,119), supports conditioned-cue-elicited feeding (120) and probably contributes to overeating irrespective of hunger signals (121).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [119]
The OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning, supports conditioned-cue elicited feeding, and probably contributes to overeating irrespective of hunger signals.
“The OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning (Cox et al 2005;Gallagher et al 1999), supports conditioned-cue elicited feeding (Weingarten 1983), and probably contributes to overeating irrespective of hunger signals (Ogden and Wardle 1990).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Gallagher et al 1999
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“Several previous studies have shown that OFC lesions disrupt the control that expected outcome value exerts on previously acquired responses (Gallagher et al., 1999; Izquierdo et al., 2004; Pickens et al., 2003, 2005).”
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Self-citationHolland, P. C., & Gallagher, M. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02585.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDannald, M. A., Lucantonio, F., Burke, K. A., Niv, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5499-10.2011 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid Associative Encoding in Basolateral Amygdala Depends on Connections with Orbitofrontal Cortex
Saddoris, M. P., Gallagher, M., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.018 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of orbitofrontal dysfunction on cocaine addiction
Lucantonio, F., Stalnaker, T. A., Shaham, Y., Niv, Y., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3014 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationThe stressed prefrontal cortex. Left? Right!
Cerqueira, J., Almeida, O. F. X., & Sousa, N. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.005 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Versace, A., Thompson, W. K., Zhou, D., Almeida, J. R. C., Hassel, S., Klein, C. R., Kupfer, D. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.025 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
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Self-citationSavage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Heckers, S., Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., & Rauch, S. L. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.1.219 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Self-citationFuchs, R. A., Evans, K. A., Parker, M. P., & See, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1924-04.2004 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Izquierdo, A., Suda, R. K., & Murray, E. A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1232-05.2005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Appetitive conditioning: Neural bases and implications for psychopathology
Martin-Söelch, C., Linthicum, J., & Ernst, M. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.11.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in learning under changing task contingencies.
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The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the pursuit of happiness and more specific rewards
Burke, K. A., Franz, T. M., Miller, D. N., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06993 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationBasolateral Amygdala Lesions Abolish Orbitofrontal-Dependent Reversal Impairments
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Basolateral amygdala to orbitofrontal cortex projections enable cue-triggered reward expectations
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Re-evaluating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward and reinforcement
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Behavioral flexibility in rats and mice: contributions of distinct frontocortical regions
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Serotonin and decision making processes
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Imaging of Brain Dopamine Pathways
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Finding The “Self” in Self-Regulation: The Identity-Value Model
Berkman, E. T., Livingston, J., & Kahn, L. E. (2017) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2017.1323463 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Gallagher, M., McMahan, R. W., & Schoenbaum, G.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1999-08-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6610-6614
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6782791
- OpenAlex
- W1762920573
- Semantic Scholar
- 337020f17344dadc2793ccfbcca4102ffa88505b
- Cited by
- 593
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1k05mh001149-01a1, 5k08ag000882-02)
- National Institute on Aging (Z01AG000882, K08-AG00882-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH053667, AG00882, K05MH01149)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, incentive value, associative learning, currency devaluation, taste aversion, conditioned responding, approach behavior, lithium chloride, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Avoidance Learning, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Feeding Behavior, Frontal Lobe, Male, Orbit, Reinforcement, Psychology, Lithium Chloride, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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