Sensory capacity of reinnervated skin after redirection of amputated upper limb nerves to the chest
Open accessAbstract
Targeted reinnervation is a new neural-machine interface that has been developed to help improve the function of new-generation prosthetic limbs. Targeted reinnervation is a surgical procedure that takes the nerves that once innervated a severed limb and redirects them to proximal muscle and skin sites. The sensory afferents of the redirected nerves reinnervate the skin overlying the transfer site. This creates a sensory expression of the missing limb in the amputee's reinnervated skin. When these individuals are touched on this reinnervated skin they feel as though they are being touched on their missing limb. Targeted reinnervation takes nerves that once served the hand, a skin region of high functional importance, and redirects them to less functionally relevant skin areas adjacent to the amputation site. In an effort to better understand the sensory capacity of the reinnervated target skin following this procedure, we examined grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds on two amputees who had undergone the targeted reinnervation surgery. Grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds were also measured on the contralateral normal skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees and on analogous sites in able-bodied controls. Grating orientation thresholds for the reinnervated skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees were found to be similar to normal ranges for both the amputees' contralateral skin and also for the control population. Point localization thresholds for these amputees were found to be lower for their reinnervated skin than for their contralateral skin. Reinnervated point localization thresholds values were also lower in comparison to homologous chest sites on the control population. Mechanisms appear to be in place to maximize re-established touch input in targeted reinnervation amputees. It seems that sound sensory function is provided to the denervated skin of the residual limb when connected to afferent pathways once serving highly functionally relevant regions of the brain. This suggests that tactile interface devices could be used to give a physiologically appropriate sense of touch to a prosthetic limb, which would likely help with better functional utilization of the prosthetic device and possibly help to more effectively integrate the device with the user's self-image.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The sensitivity of the reinnervated skin is comparable to that of intact skin and the elicited sensations are natural.
“However, the sensitivity of the reinnervated skin is comparable to that of intact skin and the elicited sensations are natural (Marasco et al. 2009;Schultz et al., 2009).”
From Biomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface (2015) · cites this paper as Marasco et al. 2009
The Discussion reports grating-orientation thresholds similar to those of intact contralateral skin, supporting comparable tactile sensitivity on the measures tested. The Methods say that touching the reinnervated skin felt as though the missing limb were being touched, but do not establish that the elicited sensations were natural in quality. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Johansson, R. S., & Vallbo, A. B. (1979) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012619 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF POINTS ON A PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION
Wetherill, G. B., & Levitt, H. (1965) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00689.x · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
Travis, W. D., Castile, R. G., Vawter, G. F., Shwachman, H., Warwick, W. J., Burke, B. A., & Skinner, M. M. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/85.4.419 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Marshall, N. J. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.6.639 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Weinstein, S. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Kuiken, T. A., Dumanian, G. A., Lipschutz, R. D., Miller, L. A., & Stubblefield, K. A. (2004) · Prosthetics & Orthotics International · doi:10.3109/03093640409167756 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect neural sensory feedback and control of a prosthetic arm
Dhillon, G. S., & Horch, K. W. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2005.856072 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Johnson, K. O., & Phillips, J. R. (1981) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1981.46.6.1177 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Kuiken, T., Miller, L. A., Lipschutz, R. D., Lock, B. A., Stubblefield, K. A., Marasco, P. D., Zhou, P., & Dumanian, G. A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60193-7 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Self-citationRemodelling of hand representation in adult cortex determined by timing of tactile stimulation
Wang, X., Merzenich, M. M., Sameshima, K., & Jenkins, W. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378071a0 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Perceptual Correlates of Massive Cortical Reorganization
Ramachandran, V. S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D., & Stewart, M. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1439826 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Phillips, J. R., & Johnson, K. (1981) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1981.46.6.1192 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization
Ramachandran, V. S., Stewart, M., & Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (1992) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199207000-00009 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Johansson, R. S., & Vallbo, Å. B. (1979) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp013048 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees
Flor, H., Elbert, T. R., Mühlnickel, W., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., & Taub, E. (1998) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050334 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Bell-Krotoski, J. A., Weinstein, S., & Weinstein, C. D. (1993) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(12)80292-4 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs
Clark, S. A., Allard, T., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/332444a0 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Kuiken, T., Marasco, P. D., Lock, B. A., Harden, R. N., & Dewald, J. P. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706525104 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationSathian, K., Zangaladze, A., Hoffman, J. M., & Grafton, S. T. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199712220-00008 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Sur, M., Merzenich, M. M., & Kaas, J. H. (1980) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1980.44.2.295 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation
Borsook, D., Becerra, L. R., Fishman, S. M., Edwards, A., Jennings, C. L., Stojanovic, M. P., Papinicolas, L., Ramachandran, V. S., González, R. G., & Breiter, H. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199804200-00011 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Decoding a New Neural–Machine Interface for Control of Artificial Limbs
Zhou, P., Lowery, M. M., Englehart, K. B., Huang, H., Li, G., Hargrove, L., Dewald, J. P. A., & Kuiken, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00178.2007 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial discrimination is abnormal in focal hand dystonia
Bara‐Jimenez, W., Shelton, P., & Hallett, M. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.12.1869 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Preferential representation of the fovea in the primary visual cortex
Azzopardi, P., & Cowey, A. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361719a0 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A psychophysical study of the mechanisms of sensory recovery following nerve injury in humans
Boven, R. W. V., & Johnson, K. O. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.149 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Godde, B., Spengler, F., & Dinse, H. R. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199612200-00056 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Enhanced tactile spatial acuity and cortical processing during acute hand deafferentation
Werhahn, K. J., Mortensen, J., Boven, R. W. V., Zeuner, K. E., & Cohen, L. G. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn917 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Feeling with the mind's eye: contribution of visual cortex to tactile perception
Sathian, K., & Zangaladze, A. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00141-9 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The force/time relationship of clinically used sensory testing instruments
Bell-Krotoski, J. A., & Buford, W. L. (1997) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(97)80045-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Guidance of regrowing sensory axons after cutaneous nerve lesions in the cat
Horch, K. W. (1979) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1979.42.5.1437 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Targeted Reinnervation to Improve Prosthesis Control in Transhumeral Amputees
O’Shaughnessy, K. D., Dumanian, G. A., Lipschutz, R. D., Miller, L. A., Stubblefield, K. A., & Kuiken, T. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.g.00268 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationTactile Hyperacuity Thresholds Correlate with Finger Maps in Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)
Duncan, R. O., & Boynton, G. M. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm015 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Spatial discrimination thresholds for pain and touch in human hairy skin
Schlereth, T., Magerl, W., & Treede, R. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00484-x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Anatomical mapping of Merkel cells in normal human adult epidermis
LACOUR, J. P., DUBOIS, D., PISANI, A., & ORTONNE, J. P. (1991) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14790.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Rosén, B., Björkman, A., & Lundborg, G. (2005) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.10.017 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Differences in spatial acuity between digits
Vega‐Bermudez, F., & Johnson, K. O. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.10.1389 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
AFFERENT AREAS IN THE BRAIN OF UNGULATES
Adrian, E. D. (1943) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/66.2.89 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sensory training as treatment for focal hand dystonia: A 1‐year follow‐up
Zeuner, K. E., & Hallett, M. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10490 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The hyper-reinnervation of rat skeletal muscle
Kuiken, T., Childress, D. S., & Rymer, W. Z. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00102-v · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationRepresentation of orientation in the somatosensory system
Hsiao, S. S., Lane, J. W., & Fitzgerald, P. J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00160-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Spontaneous Return of Sensibility in Breasts Reconstructed with Autologous Tissues
Shaw, W. W.-L., Orringer, J. S., Ko, C. Y., Ratto, L. L., & Mersmann, C. A. (1997) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-199702000-00013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Murray, C. D. (2007) · Psychoprosthetics · doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-980-4_9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Nerve fibre and sensory end organ density in the epidermis and papillary dermis of the human hand
Kelly, E. J., Terenghi, G., Hazari, A., & Wiberg, M. (2005) · British Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2004.12.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Functional Restoration of Adults and Children with Upper Extremity Amputation
Meier, R. H., & Atkins, D. J. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A neural substrate for nonpainful phantom limb phenomena
Flor, H., Mühlnickel, W., Karl, A., Denke, C., Grüsser, S. M., Kurth, R., & Taub, E. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200005150-00011 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The reinnervation of muscle by sensory nerve fibres.
GUTMANN, E. (1945) · PubMed · Cited by 64 · see citing works
SENSORY-MOTOR NERVE CROSSES IN THE RAT
Weiss, P. A., & Edds, M. V. (1945) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1945.8.3.173 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Schultz, A. E., Marasco, P. D., & Kuiken, T. A. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.039 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Manger, P. R., Woods, T. M., & Jones, E. G. (1996) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0138 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dinse, H. R., Godde, B., Hilger, T., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nerve Repair and Regeneration its clinical and Experimental Basis
Jewett, D. L., & McCarrol, H. R. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tactile spatial resolution measured manually: A validation study
Bleyenheuft, Y., & Thonnard, J. (2007) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.1080/08990220701496639 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Temporal Factors in Tactile Spatial Acuity: Evidence for RA Interference in Fine Spatial Processing
Bensmaı̈a, S. J., Craig, J. C., & Johnson, K. O. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00878.2005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spatial acuity after digit amputation
Vega‐Bermudez, F., & Johnson, K. O. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf129 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sporadic adult onset dystonia: sensory abnormalities as an endophenotype in unaffected relatives
Walsh, R. A., O'Dwyer, J. P., Sheikh, I. H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.105585 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hansson, T., & Brismar, T. (2003) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2003.99.1.0100 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effect of force and conformance on tactile intensive and spatial sensitivity
Gibson, G. O., & Craig, J. C. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0200-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Residual haptic sensation following stroke using ipsilateral stimulation
Valentini, M. C., Kischka, U., & Halligan, P. W. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.120279 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tactile spatial acuity differs between fingers: A study comparing two testing paradigms
Grant, A. C., Fernandez, R., Shilian, P., et al. (2006) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03193734 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sensations from Surgically Transferred Glabrous Skin; Central Versus Peripheral Factors
Dykes, R. W., Terzis, J. K., & Strauch, B. (1979) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100023842 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Travieso, D., & Lederman, S. J. (2007) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ylioja, S., Carlson, S., Raij, T. T., et al. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.11.014 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A correction and a comment on Craig and Lyle (2001)
Craig, J. C., & Lyle, K. B. (2002) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194721 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effect of interstimulus interval on somatosensory point localization
Ylioja, S., Pertovaara, A., Koivisto, J., et al. (2004) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.1080/0899022042000201245 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Huttenlocher (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971020)387:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rybarczyk B Behel J Gallager P Desmond D MacLachlan M Embodiment and prosthetics Psychoprosthetics. 2008 London Springer-Verlag 23 31
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Restoring natural sensory feedback in real-time bidirectional hand prostheses
Raspopovic, S., Capogrosso, M., Petrini, F. M., Bonizzato, M., Rigosa, J., Di Pino, G., Carpaneto, J., Controzzi, M., Boretius, T., Fernandez, E., et al. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006820 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Active tactile exploration using a brain–machine–brain interface
O’Doherty, J. E., Lebedev, M. A., Ifft, P. J., Zhuang, K. Z., Shokur, S., Bleuler, H., & Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10489 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Control of upper limb prostheses: terminology and proportional myoelectric control-a review
Fougner, A., Stavdahl, Ø., Kyberd, P. J., Losier, Y. G., & Parker, P. A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2196711 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Restoring sensorimotor function through intracortical interfaces: progress and looming challenges
Bensmaia, S. J., & Miller, L. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3724 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Robotic touch shifts perception of embodiment to a prosthesis in targeted reinnervation amputees
Marasco, P. D., Kim, K., Colgate, J. E., Peshkin, M. A., & Kuiken, T. A. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq361 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationToward higher-performance bionic limbs for wider clinical use
Farina, D., Vujaklija, I., Brånemark, R., Bull, A. M. J., Dietl, H., Graimann, B., Hargrove, L. J., Hoffmann, K.-P., Huang, H., Ingvarsson, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00732-x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface
Saal, H. P., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.010 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“However, the sensitivity of the reinnervated skin is comparable to that of intact skin and the elicited sensations are natural (Marasco et al. 2009; Schultz et al., 2009).”
Schultz, A. E., & Kuiken, T. A. (2011) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.06.016 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural interfaces for somatosensory feedback: bringing life to a prosthesis
Tyler, D. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000266 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Interfacing the Somatosensory System to Restore Touch and Proprioception: Essential Considerations
Weber, D. J., Friesen, R., & Miller, L. E. (2012) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2012.735283 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review.
Ghafoor, U., Kim, S., & Hong, K.-S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00059 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Using TR, sensation in the hand as evoked by a reinnervated chest skin along with other senses like touch, temperature, pain, and a limited graded force discrimination have been demonstrated ( Kuiken et al., 2007b; Marasco et al., 2009, 2011; Schultz et al., 2009; Sensinger et al., 2009).”
Innovations in Prosthetic Interfaces for the Upper Extremity
Kung, T. A., Bueno, R. A., Alkhalefah, G. K., Langhals, N. B., Urbanchek, M. G., & Cederna, P. S. (2013) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a97e5f · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Modality-Specific Axonal Regeneration: Toward Selective Regenerative Neural Interfaces
Lotfi, P., Garde, K., Chouhan, A. K., Bengali, E., & Romero-Ortega, M. I. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2011.00011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Phantom limb pain: peripheral neuromodulatory and neuroprosthetic approaches to treatment
Petersen, B. A., Nanivadekar, A. C., Chandrasekaran, S., & Fisher, L. E. (2019) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.26294 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Marasco, P. D., Schultz, A. E., & Kuiken, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marasco, P. D.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-04-15
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1441-1448
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC2685921
- OpenAlex
- W2109190623
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chicago Community Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd043137-05, R01-HD)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD044798, R01-HD-4-3137, N01-HD-53402)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- sensory reinnervation, upper limb amputation, tactile perception, point localization, residual limb, artificial limbs, neural-machine interface, sensory feedback
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amputation, Surgical, Amputees, Artificial Limbs, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Sensory Thresholds, Skin, Thorax, Touch, Upper Extremity, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
