Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy

“, 2007) or the AAL atlas of the WFU Pickatlas (Maldjian et al., 2003) for regions not yet included in the Anatomy ToolBox and then combined them into a single composite anatomical region of interest using a logical ‘OR’ (Fig.”

“…in regions (outside the region of interest), associated with conscious menta- lizing (including the medial prefrontal cortex and the temporal pole) (Amodio and Frith, 2006; Van Overwalle and Baetens, 2009), and deliberate reappraisal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus, Ochsner et…”

“Unfortunately, as these variables were highly correlated with the factor Group [e.g. r(Group, Substance abuse) = 0.86], disentangling their contribution through inclusion of nuisance covariates in our analyses is impossible (Miller and Chapman, 2001).”

“…the region of interest), associated with conscious menta- lizing (including the medial prefrontal cortex and the temporal pole) (Amodio and Frith, 2006; Van Overwalle and Baetens, 2009), and deliberate reappraisal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus, Ochsner et al., 2004).”

“…activations in brain regions (insula and cin- gulate cortex) normally associated with feeling similar emotions oneself (Bastiaansen et al., 2009; Lamm et al., 2011), and wit- nessing what others do and sense recruits one’s own motor and somatosensory cortices (Pineda, 2008; Keysers and…”

“Those defined using the AAL included the insula and the anterior/mid cingulate (Wicker et al., 2003; Singer et al., 2004, 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007; Bastiaansen et al., 2009; Lamm et al., 2011).”

“These neural markers for empathy have been investigated in several psychiatric disorders, autism in particular (Dapretto et al., 2006; Decety and Moriguchi, 2007; Dinstein et al., 2008; MinioPaluello et al., 2009), but surprisingly, not directly in psychopathy.”

“05) on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory.”

“Whenever possible we then used the Anatomy ToolBox (Eickhoff et al., 2007) or the AAL atlas of the WFU Pickatlas (Maldjian et al., 2003) for regions not yet included in the Anatomy ToolBox and then combined them into a single composite anatomical region of interest using a logical ‘OR’ (Fig.”

“…the region of interest), associated with conscious menta- lizing (including the medial prefrontal cortex and the temporal pole) (Amodio and Frith, 2006; Van Overwalle and Baetens, 2009), and deliberate reappraisal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus, Ochsner et al., 2004).”

“= Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the hippocampus according to Amunts et al., 2005.”

“Only if empathy is a spontaneous response, will you feel empathy in this circumstance, and reduce your violence (Miller and Eisenberg, 1988).”

“Whenever possible we then used the Anatomy ToolBox (Eickhoff et al., 2007) or the AAL atlas of the WFU Pickatlas (Maldjian et al., 2003) for regions not yet included in the Anatomy ToolBox and then combined them into a single composite anatomical region of interest using a logical ‘OR’ (Fig.”

“Different emotions were tested because psychopathic individuals may not be equally impaired at perceiving all types of emotions (Blair et al., 2002; Kosson et al., 2002; Blair et al., 2004; Marsh et al., 2008).”

“, 2010), the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI = BA3a + b + BA1 + BA2 and SII = OP1 + OP2 + OP3 + OP4) (Keysers et al., 2010).”

“…cortices were also found during fear conditioning (Birbaumer et al., 2005), and in the cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus while memorizing negative words (Kiehl et al., 2001), further pointing to functional deficits in brain regions that are known to be involved in vicarious re- sponses.”

“The strength of these so called vicarious neural activations is predicted by interindividual differences in trait-empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Gazzola et al., 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007) and they are therefore thought to rep- resent a neural marker for empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Iacoboni, 2006;…”

“…well with models of moral development emphasizing deficits in learning, where the amygdala of children normally helps them associate their instrumental aggressive behaviour, which is originally neutral, with negative emotions triggered by the distress of their victims (Blair, 2007).”

“Whenever possible we then used the Anatomy ToolBox (Eickhoff et al., 2007) or the AAL atlas of the WFU Pickatlas (Maldjian et al., 2003) for regions not yet included in the Anatomy ToolBox and then combined them into a single composite anatomical region of interest using a logical ‘OR’ (Fig.”

“Reduced activations in insular, cingulate and secondary somatosensory cortices were also found during fear conditioning (Birbaumer et al., 2005), and in the cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus while memorizing negative words (Kiehl et al., 2001), further pointing to functional deficits in…”

“Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with a profound lack of empathy (Hare, 1991) and elevated reactive and instru- mental aggression (Williamson et al., 1987; Serin, 1991; Cornell et al., 1996; Patrick and Zempolich, 1998; Blair, 2007).”

“…might gen- erate the largest group differences in the absence of instruction to attend to specific, emotionally relevant aspects of the stimuli (Patterson and Newman, 1993; Newman et al., 2010; Moul et al., 2012), we further ventured to hypothesize that explicitly encouraging psychopathic…”

“…= pars hIP1 = Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the intraparietal sulcus according to Choi et al., 2006; Scheperjans, 2008a,b; IPC = inferior parietal cortex; PGa., PF., PFm = Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the inferior parietal cortex according to Caspers et al., 2006, 2008; FD., SUB., CA., EC.”

“These studies show that psychopathic individuals display reduced physiological (Aniskiewicz, 1979; Blair et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2010), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal (Müller et al.”

“The strength of these so called vicarious neural activations is predicted by interindividual differences in trait-empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Gazzola et al., 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007) and they are therefore thought to represent a neural marker for empathy (Singer et al.”

“First, they point to reduced vicarious activity in regions involved in performing actions, feeling touch and experiencing emotions, that are considered functional markers of empathy, as a possible neural basis for the reduced empathy and antisocial behaviour, central to psychopathy (Hare et al., 2001; Hare, 2003; Blai…”

“…by interindividual differences in trait-empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Gazzola et al., 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007) and they are therefore thought to rep- resent a neural marker for empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Iacoboni, 2006; Pineda, 2008; Bastiaansen et al., 2009; Keysers and Gazzola, 2009).”

“…by interindividual differences in trait-empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Gazzola et al., 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007) and they are therefore thought to rep- resent a neural marker for empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Iacoboni, 2006; Pineda, 2008; Bastiaansen et al., 2009; Keysers and Gazzola, 2009).”

“…= pars hIP1 = Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the intraparietal sulcus according to Choi et al., 2006; Scheperjans, 2008a,b; IPC = inferior parietal cortex; PGa., PF., PFm = Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the inferior parietal cortex according to Caspers et al., 2006, 2008; FD., SUB., CA., EC.”

“…that performance and brain activity in tasks explicitly requiring social cognition are relatively preserved in psychopathy (Blair et al., 1996; Richell et al., 2003; Dolan and Fullam, 2004; Sommer et al., 2010), whereas abnorm- alities in automatically orienting to salient information might…”

“A recent functional MRI study in healthy volunteers showed that the anterior insula could be activated through the abovementioned mentalizing and reappraisal circuits while participants deliberately try to imagine what a character in a written story would feel (Jabbi et al., 2008).”

“Different emotions were tested because psychopathic individuals may not be equally impaired at perceiving all types of emotions (Blair et al., 2002; Kosson et al., 2002; Blair et al., 2004; Marsh et al., 2008).”

“Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with a profound lack of empathy (Hare, 1991) and elevated reactive and instru- mental aggression (Williamson et al., 1987; Serin, 1991; Cornell et al., 1996; Patrick and Zempolich, 1998; Blair, 2007).”

“…largest group differences in the absence of instruction to attend to specific, emotionally relevant aspects of the stimuli (Patterson and Newman, 1993; Newman et al., 2010; Moul et al., 2012), we further ventured to hypothesize that explicitly encouraging psychopathic individuals to empathize…”

“…in performing actions, feeling touch and experiencing emotions, that are consid- ered functional markers of empathy, as a possible neural basis for the reduced empathy and antisocial behaviour, central to psy- chopathy (Hare et al., 2001; Hare, 2003; Blair et al., 2006; Hare and Neumann, 2009).”

“Because previous studies have shown that performance and brain activity in tasks explicitly requiring social cognition are relatively preserved in psychopathy (Blair et al., 1996; Richell et al., 2003; Dolan and Fullam, 2004; Sommer et al., 2010), whereas abnormalities in automatically orienting to salient information…”

“Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with a profound lack of empathy (Hare, 1991) and elevated reactive and instru- mental aggression (Williamson et al., 1987; Serin, 1991; Cornell et al., 1996; Patrick and Zempolich, 1998; Blair, 2007).”

“BRAIN”

“In addition, grey matter has also been found to be reduced in regions associated with vicarious responses (de Oliveira-Souza et al., 2008; but see Müller et al., 2008; Tiihonen et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Schiffer et al., 2011).”

“These neural markers for empathy have been investigated in several psychiatric disorders, autism in particular (Dapretto et al., 2006; Decety and Moriguchi, 2007; Dinstein et al., 2008; MinioPaluello et al., 2009), but surprisingly, not directly in psychopathy.”

“(Salekin et al., 2010) will certainly represent an unfortunate”

“…studies have shown that performance and brain activity in tasks explicitly requiring social cognition are relatively preserved in psychopathy (Blair et al., 1996; Richell et al., 2003; Dolan and Fullam, 2004; Sommer et al., 2010), whereas abnorm- alities in automatically orienting to salient…”

“…(Aniskiewicz, 1979; Blair et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2010), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal (Müller et al., 2003; but see Harenski et al., 2010) and electroencephalography (Cheng et al., 2012) responses to social emotional stimuli; recog- nize emotions less accurately…”

“, 2012) responses to social emotional stimuli; recognize emotions less accurately from voices or faces (Blair et al., 2002, 2004; Kosson et al., 2002; Hastings et al., 2008); are less likely to attribute guilt to the protagonist in stories (Blair et al.”

“Different emotions were tested because psychopathic individuals may not be equally impaired at perceiving all types of emotions (Blair et al., 2002; Kosson et al., 2002; Blair et al., 2004; Marsh et al., 2008).”

“Different emotions were tested because psychopathic individuals may not be equally impaired at perceiving all types of emotions (Blair et al., 2002; Kosson et al., 2002; Blair et al., 2004; Marsh et al., 2008).”

“…et al., 2008); are less likely to attribute guilt to the protagonist in stories (Blair et al., 1995), and have a weaker BOLD response in their premotor and primary somatosensory cortices while they observe faces in a gender discrimination task (Deeley et al., 2006; but see Dolan and Fullam, 2006).”

“In addition, grey matter has also been found to be reduced in regions associated with vicarious responses (de Oliveira-Souza et al., 2008; but see Müller et al., 2008; Tiihonen et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Schiffer et al., 2011).”

“, 2010) and electroencephalography (Cheng et al., 2012) responses to social emotional stimuli; recognize emotions less accurately from voices or faces (Blair et al.”

“BRAIN”

“…in the absence of instruction to attend to specific, emotionally relevant aspects of the stimuli (Patterson and Newman, 1993; Newman et al., 2010; Moul et al., 2012), we further ventured to hypothesize that explicitly encouraging psychopathic individuals to empathize with the actors on the…”

“In addition, grey matter has also been found to be reduced in regions associated with vicarious responses (de Oliveira-Souza et al., 2008; but see Müller et al., 2008; Tiihonen et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Schiffer et al., 2011).”

“…or faces (Blair et al., 2002, 2004; Kosson et al., 2002; Hastings et al., 2008); are less likely to attribute guilt to the protagonist in stories (Blair et al., 1995), and have a weaker BOLD response in their premotor and primary somatosensory cortices while they observe faces in a gender…”

“In addition, grey matter has also been found to be reduced in regions associated with vicarious responses (de Oliveira-Souza et al., 2008; but see Müller et al., 2008; Tiihonen et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Schiffer et al., 2011).”

“Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with a profound lack of empathy (Hare, 1991) and elevated reactive and instru- mental aggression (Williamson et al., 1987; Serin, 1991; Cornell et al., 1996; Patrick and Zempolich, 1998; Blair, 2007).”

“These studies show that psychopathic individuals display reduced physiological (Aniskiewicz, 1979; Blair et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2010), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal (Müller et al.”

“…by interindividual differences in trait-empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Gazzola et al., 2006; Jabbi et al., 2007) and they are therefore thought to rep- resent a neural marker for empathy (Singer et al., 2004; Iacoboni, 2006; Pineda, 2008; Bastiaansen et al., 2009; Keysers and Gazzola, 2009).”

“…explicitly requiring social cognition are relatively preserved in psychopathy (Blair et al., 1996; Richell et al., 2003; Dolan and Fullam, 2004; Sommer et al., 2010), whereas abnorm- alities in automatically orienting to salient information might gen- erate the largest group differences in the…”

“…instructed to be empathetic (i.e., under effortful control), they are capable of exhibiting significantly higher levels of empathy (Gillespie et al., 2014; Meffert et al., 2013; Senju et al., 2009; related, spontaneous vs. deliberate mimicry in autism: McIntosh et al., 2006; Oberman et al., 2009).”

“In psychopathy or chronic aggression, in contrast, ToM is intact, but the propensity to empathize with others is reduced [36,37].”

“…frequently display impaired perspective taking (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985; Hoffmann et al., 2015) but not necessarily impaired empathy (Silani et al., 2008; Bird et al., 2010), whereas psychopaths often lack empathy but are not impaired in perspective taking (Blair, 2008; Meffert et al., 2013).”