Understanding others' actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: a meta-analysis
Abstract
This meta-analysis explores the role of the mirror and mentalizing systems in the understanding of other people's action goals. Based on over 200 fMRI studies, this analysis demonstrates that the mirror system - consisting of the anterior intraparietal sulcus and the premotor cortex - is engaged when one perceives articulated motions of body parts irrespective of their sensory (visual or auditory) or verbal format as well as when the perceiver executes them. This confirms the matching role of the mirror system in understanding biological action. Observation of whole-body motions and gaze engage the posterior superior temporal sulcus and most likely reflects an orientation response in line with the action or attention of the observed actor. In contrast, the mentalizing system - consisting of the temporo-parietal junction, the medial prefrontal cortex and the precuneus - is activated when behavior that enables inferences to be made about goals, beliefs or moral issues is presented in abstract terms (e.g., verbal stories or geometric shapes) and there is no perceivable biological motion of body parts. A striking overlap of brain activity at the temporo-parietal junction between social inferences and other, non-social observations (e.g., Posner's cuing task) suggests that this area computes the orientation or direction of the behavior in order to predict its likely end-state (or goal). No conclusions are drawn about the specific functionality of the precuneus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Because the mirror and mentalizing systems are rarely concurrently active, it appears that neither system subserves the other. Rather, they are complementary. There seems, however, to be a transition from the mirror to the mentalizing system even when body-part motions are observed by perceivers who are consciously deliberating about the goals of others and their behavioral executions, such as when perceived body motions are contextually inconsistent, implausible or pretended.
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A meta-analysis of studies using mentalizing tasks concluded that classical mirror areas are not recruited unless the tasks involve action stimuli.
“a meta-analysis of studies using mentalizing tasks concluded that classical mirror areas are not recruited unless the tasks involve action stimuli”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Van Overwalle & Baetens, 2009
Bilateral TPJ, mPPC, and mPFC are associated with mentalizing and Theory of Mind.
“All three regions are associated with mentalizing and Theory of Mind (Scholz et al., 2009; Van Overwalle & Baetens, 2009), suggesting adolescents may be considering potential social evaluation by the peers who just excluded them and are currently watching their performance.”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Van Overwalle & Baetens, 2009
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The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
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Organization of the Human Inferior Parietal Lobule Based on Receptor Architectonics
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Bluet, A., Reynaud, E., Federico, G., Bryche, C., Lesourd, M., Fournel, A., Lamberton, F., Ibarrola, D., Rossetti, Y., & Osiurak, F. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.111870 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Van Overwalle, F., & Baetens, K.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- ORCID
- Baetens, Kris
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 564-584
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2061586925
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 238
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 110 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- mirror system, biological motion perception, anterior intraparietal sulcus, premotor cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus, temporoparietal junction, medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, social cognition, gaze direction, social inference, action observation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Brain, Goals, Humans, Mental Processes, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception, Visual Perception, Comprehension
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