The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, an explosion of neuroimaging studies has examined cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the way one thinks about a stimulus in order to change its affective impact. Existing models broadly agree that reappraisal recruits frontal and parietal control regions to modulate emotional responding in the amygdala, but they offer competing visions of how this is accomplished. One view holds that control regions engage ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area associated with fear extinction, that in turn modulates amygdala responses. An alternative view is that control regions modulate semantic representations in lateral temporal cortex that indirectly influence emotion-related responses in the amygdala. Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown. To resolve these questions, we performed a meta-analysis of 48 neuroimaging studies of reappraisal, most involving downregulation of negative affect. Reappraisal consistently 1) activated cognitive control regions and lateral temporal cortex, but not vmPFC, and 2) modulated the bilateral amygdala, but no other brain regions. This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
12 of 35 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, in contrast to several prominent theories, the present results indicate that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFCmediated emotional control (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Etkin et al. 2011), but instead may act though the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites Schiller and Delgado 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A general neural mechanism for changing fear” (page unavailable), the review reports increased vmPFC responses when fear is regulated with cognitive strategies and suggests that dlPFC regulation may act through vmPFC connections. The citing sentence presents the absence of vmPFC-mediated control as its own result, in contrast to the theories it cites; Schiller and Delgado support the contrasting view, not that result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diekhof et al. 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Absence of vmPFC activation in the meta-analysis indicates that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFC-mediated emotional control.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This null finding contradicts the hypothesis that vmPFC provides a necessary link by which frontal and parietal regions modulate emotion-related activity in the amygdala (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Etkin et al. 2011).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Schiller and Delgado 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A general neural mechanism for changing fear” (page not provided), the review proposes that dlPFC might affect the amygdala indirectly through vmPFC connections. It does not establish vmPFC as a necessary link or extend that proposed pathway to parietal regions. The citing authors’ null finding is their own result, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diekhof et al. 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More studies have attempted to do this recently with work examining reappraisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations (Hermann et al. 2009) or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg et al. 2009).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hermann et al. 2009 source
The Introduction states that the study examined effortful regulation of responses to phobic pictures in spider-phobic participants. The Procedure says participants received reappraisal instructions to regulate emotions elicited by those pictures. The separate clause about borderline personality disorder is attributed to Koenigsberg et al., not Hermann et al. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Koenigsberg et al. 2009 source
The Introduction describes a study comparing cognitive reappraisal of social emotional cues in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. The Materials section confirms that the stimuli were interpersonal scenes; the paper examined distancing as its reappraisal strategy. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although the ventral striatum is involved in reward, prior research has shown that the ventral striatum responds both to positive and negative stimuli (Roitman et al. 2005) and that stimulation of this region can result in both approach and avoidance (Reynolds and Berridge 2001, 2002, 2003).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Roitman et al. 2005 source
The Summary (p. 587) reports that nucleus accumbens neurons responded to both rewarding sucrose and aversive quinine. This supports the cited claim about responses to positive and negative stimuli in the ventral striatum. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In line with existing models, the implementation of reappraisal consistently activated domain-general cognitive control regions, including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal lobe (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2008;Kalisch 2009;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Ochsner et al. 2012).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kalisch 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Schiller and Delgado 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Regulation of fear” section reports increased dlPFC activity during reappraisal and identifies the dlPFC with cognitive control. It does not identify dmPFC, vlPFC, or the posterior parietal lobe as consistently activated by reappraisal; it notes that the specific prefrontal areas recruited vary across studies. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When identical analyses were performed using a 10-mm kernel, all peaks identified using the 8-mm kernel were found to be included within the clusters identified using the 10-mm kernel.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis included 116 contrasts from 48 studies of healthy individuals, allowing us to identify brain regions that consistently support reappraisal (show increases in activity during reappraisal) as well as those that that are modulated by reappraisal (show decreases in activity during reappraisal when the goal is to downregulate affect).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“We found that only 1 of the 838 coordinates included in this analysis fell within this sphere (Krendl et al. 2012).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Krendl et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 1268 peaks from 116 contrasts in 48 studies that met our criteria (see Table 1).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, reappraisal was consistently associated with bilateral amygdala modulation, but no change was observed in other regions related to emotional responding, or anywhere else in the brain.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, many other regions are involved in emotion (Kober et al. 2008;Vytal and Hamann 2010;Lindquist et al. 2012).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. 2008 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vytal and Hamann 2010 source
- Supportedcites Lindquist et al. 2012 source
The cited sentence attributes the broad claim that many brain regions are involved in emotion. Sections 5.2 and 5.8 report emotion-related activity in the anterior insula and periaqueductal gray, and section 5.5 identifies additional regions in the neural reference space for emotion. The paper does not present these regions as specific to emotion. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Second, animal and human work show that vmPFC is critical for fear extinction and reversal learning (Milad et al. 2007;Finger et al. 2008;Schiller et al. 2008).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Milad et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Finger et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports medial orbitofrontal activity during human operant extinction, while the paper describes animal and human evidence linking medial prefrontal regions to fear-extinction recall and medial orbitofrontal regions to reversal learning (page numbers unavailable). It does not establish that vmPFC is critical for both fear extinction and reversal learning: its own experiment tested operant extinction, and it describes the fear and reversal findings more cautiously. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites Schiller et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Reversal of fear” (page unavailable), the paper reports vmPFC activation during human fear reversal. In “Fear reversal versus fear extinction” (page unavailable), it relates that response to extinction findings, but proposes possible roles for the vmPFC rather than establishing that it is critical to either process. This study does not itself provide animal evidence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Specifically, the present results are consistent with the hypotheses that dlPFC may support manipulation of appraisals in working memory (Wager and Smith 2003), vlPFC may support selection and inhibition of appraisals (Robbins 2007;Simmonds et al. 2008), and dmPFC may support semantic and self-reflective processes relevant to elaborating the affective meaning of stimuli or perceiving one's affect”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wager and Smith 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Robbins 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 3 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites Simmonds et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 3 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, prior work shows that amygdala responses track affective intensity, especially for aversive stimuli like those photos used widely in reappraisal studies (Canli et al. 2000;Williams et al. 2001;Anderson et al. 2003;Cunningham et al. 2004;Ochsner et al. 2004Ochsner et al. , 2009;;Phan et al. 2004).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Canli et al. 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that bilateral amygdala activation correlated with participants’ ratings of emotional intensity, and the Methods describe the stimuli as negative-to-neutral pictures. The Discussion says the study could not separate arousal from negative valence; it therefore does not establish that responses track intensity especially for aversive stimuli. The paper also does not establish how widely these photos are used in reappraisal studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams et al. 2001 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anderson et al. 2003 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis revealed bilateral amygdala clusters, with the left cluster extending into the ventral striatum and pallidum (Table 3; Fig. 2).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, this revealed extensive recruitment of regions commonly observed in cognitive control tasks including posterior dmPFC and bilateral dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal cortex (Table 2; Fig. 1).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, a sizeable cluster was observed in left posterior temporal cortex.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clusters were observed anywhere else in the brain.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we failed to observe any clusters in vmPFC.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(of 48 studies in the present meta-analysis, 34 used aversive stimuli, 5 used positive/appetitive stimuli, and 9 used both; see Table 1 for a summary)”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this analysis were nearly identical, suggesting consistent prefrontal, parietal, and temporal regions are consistently recruited by reappraisal, regardless of whether one is reappraising to increase or decrease affective responses.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Results
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, testing this hypothesis is virtually impossible at present given that only 4 studies have examined reappraisal in the domain of decisionmaking and within those 4 studies, 2 examined reappraisal at the time of decision-making (Grecucci, Giorgetta, Van't Wout et al. 2012;Sokol-Hessner et al. 2012), another examined reappraisal during anticipation of monetary reward (Staudinger et al. 2011), and”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, reappraisal was consistently associated with bilateral amygdala modulation, but no change was observed in other regions related to emotional responding, or anywhere else in the brain.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychological models of reappraisal suggest that that many of the same cognitive control processes that are used to regulate attention, memory and thoughts in nonemotional contexts are also used in the cognitive regulation of emotion (Ochsner and Gross 2008).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ochsner and Gross 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“One reason this strategy is so well studied is because reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies (e.g., expressive suppression) (Gross 1998), and with longerlasting effects than attention-focused strategies (e.g., distraction) (Ochsner and Gross 2005;Kross and Ayduk 2008;O”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Extensive work in animals and humans has implicated the amygdala in the detection, encoding, and organization of responses to arousing, goal-relevant stimuli (Anderson et al. 2003;Phelps and LeDoux 2005;Cunningham and Brosch 2012;Wilson-Mendenhall et al. forthcoming).”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In either case, a direct comparison between the neural bases of reappraisal for positive and negative stimuli in the present analysis was not possible because the relatively scant number (14) of studies using positive stimuli would have rendered such a comparison underpowered.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the study of Diekhof and coworkers included far fewer studies and thus would be more prone to false positives than the present meta-analysis.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of involvement of vmPFC in reappraisal suggests that while reappraisal may lead to a similar outcome as extinction (i.e., cue-related emotional activity is reduced), there are likely notable differences in the psychological and neural processes that lead to this outcome.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Current models of emotion suggest that emotional responses are reflected in activity across a network of regions (Kober et al. 2008), and in changing one's emotional response one might expect reappraisal to affect this network as a whole.”
§ Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kober et al. 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The influence of reappraisal on brain regions other than the amygdala implicated in emotional responding was unknown prior to this meta-analysis.
“Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Main effect contrasts comparing reappraisal to a baseline condition are the most commonly reported type of contrast in reappraisal manuscripts.
“This is the most commonly reported type of contrast in reappraisal manuscripts, and it offers the most straightforward way to identify the neural regions that support reappraisal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lateral temporal cortex is associated with semantic and perceptual representation.
“but instead may act though the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence of vmPFC activation in the meta-analysis indicates that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFC-mediated emotional control.
“the present results indicate that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFCmediated emotional control”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is considered more effective than inhibitory strategies that involve suppression or avoidance (Aldao et al., 2010; Webb et al., 2012) and has been proposed as an underlying mechanism of cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies (Buhle et al., 2014; Sheppes et al., 2014; Teasdale et al., 2002).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The limited data presented thus far suggest that acceptanceassociated emotion-regulation strategies may produce brain responses that overlap with well-documented reappraisal brain networks.25”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The finding of increased dACC/dmPFC activation associated with emotion acceptance relative to worry or suppression also aligns somewhat with findings for cognitive reappraisal, which have shown a strong correlation between dACC activation during reappraisal and reductions in distress ratings, indicating reappraisal success (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Existing studies of cognitive reappraisal additionally implicate DLPFC, VLPFC and dmPFC activation, coupled with decreased medial orbitofrontal and amygdala activation (Ochsner et al., 2002; Goldin et al., 2008; Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal tasks have been found to modulate the processing of emotional stimuli in regions such as amygdala and the ventral striatum (Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Altered frontolimbic connectivity could help explain why some youths who experience an acute stressor are unable to leverage higher-order skills, such as cognitive reappraisal (Buhle et al. 2014), to modulate subcortical activation and, subsequently, begin experiencing suicidal ideation.”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Buhle et al. 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although the region of the dmPFC found in this study is partially overlapping with those mentioned above (e.g., Banks et al., 2007; Gilead et al., 2016; Wager et al., 2008), relatively more dorsal and posterior regions of the medial PFC (i.e., closer to the pre-supplementary motor area) are typically implicated in meta-analyses of emotion regulation (Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, two more recent meta-analyses favor the second hypothesis [121, 122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The dlPFC is thought to be an important driver of emotion regulation and hypothesized to be involved in the manipulation of appraisals of stimuli in working memory [121–123].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of cognitive reappraisal alone have consistently found increased BOLD signal in the dlPFC, vlPFC, and dmPFC [93, 121, 122] and decreased BOLD signal in the amygdala [93, 121].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, the dmPFC is hypothesized to support abstracting affective meaning of stimuli or the processes of self-reflecting and identifying one’s own affective reactions to stimuli [121, 126–130].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The vlPFC is hypothesized to support choosing and inhibiting appraisals of stimuli [121, 124, 125] or potentially may signal salience and the need to reappraise [122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, they did not observe increased activation of the vmPFC.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The study by Delgado etv al. [131] involved cognitive reappraisal of threat conditioned stimuli, whereas most of the studies included in the Buhle et al. [121] meta-analysis involved cognitive reappraisal of negatively-valenced photos.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, in addition to increased activation of the cognitive control regions of the PFC mentioned above and modulation of the amygdala, Buhle et al. [121] report increased activation of the lateral temporal cortex during cognitive reappraisal.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Beyond the involvement of cerebral structures such as the insular cortex and the amygdala5, the cognitive reappraisal of emotional stimuli recruits cortical structures such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (for a review, see Kalisch6 and Buhle et al.7).”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as Buhle et al. [7]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, the default and control networks have also shown cooperation during several cognitive processes [8, 17–21].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“ERP seems to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal appears to dampen fronto-limbic activity via the engagement of top-down dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“The cognitive reappraisal component of CBT (Table 3) trains patients to change their thoughts and emotional responses to OCD symptoms and is known to engage dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Distraction (Kanske et al., 2010; McRae et al., 2010) and reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2014) engage the dACC and adjacent posterior dmPFC, which monitor conflicts between intended and actual behavioral outcomes and signal when appropriate adjustments in control are needed”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Four such control systems (Figures 3 and 4) have been most strongly implicated in explicit-controlled emotion regulation: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“DLPFC is active during both distraction (Van Dillen et al., 2009; Kanske et al., 2010) and reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2014)”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Rostral portions of dmPFC, thought to play a key role in mentalizing (Zaki and Ochsner, 2012), have been implicated in some studies of reappraisal, likely to support monitoring and reflection on one’s own emotional states and reflection on and reinterpretation of the mental states of stimulus persons”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Considerable evidence indicates that cognitive reappraisal is an often used and effective strategy utilized by healthy humans to reduce the affective impact of situations in one’s life [64].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“The amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”
From Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“the Ce is the major output region of the amygdala and receives relatively few direct projections from prefrontal regions implicated in the regulation of stress and anxiety19, 32-34.”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“By virtue of its well-established capacity for regulating mood, attention, memory, and action34, 54-56”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, its activity is modulated by cognitive control processes, including inhibitory control and reason-based appraisal (Buhle et al., 2014;Cohen et al., 2015;Iordan, Dolcos, & Dolcos, 2013;Kanske, Heissler, Schonfelder, Bongers, &Wessa, 2010;Kohn et al., 2014;McRae et al., 2010;Ochsner & Gross, 2005;Phan et al., 2005).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“In neuroimaging studies, emotion regulation abilities are associated with recruitment of a set of prefrontal brain regions involved in cognitive control and executive functioning that mature late in development.”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Reappraisal is believed to modulate these regions via recruitment of a network of regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), posterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [8,14].”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Recently, a meta-analysis of 48 studies of cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation neuroimaging studies concluded that this strategy particularly activates the bilateral dLPFC, vLPFC, dMPFC, posterior parietal cortex, and left-middle temporal gyrus, and deactivates the amygdala bilaterally.”
From Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Insights from Neurobiological, Psychological, and Clinical Studies (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, p = .07
MinorThe paper reports p = .07 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .065. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .065
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, P = .07”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 3.417reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .065
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, p = .07”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.215reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .022
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 5.215, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495
Self-citationBinder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp055 · Cited by 4,060
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · cited 2×
“Keywords: affect, fMRI, meta-analysis, reappraisal”
MethodEmotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004 · Cited by 3,059 · cited 6×
“…signal” that can be triggered by diverse brain pathways, including high-level cognitive areas in the dlPFC. Finally, in another influential review, Etkin et al. (2011) suggested that vmPFC and adjacent regions might “perform a generic negative emotion inhibitory function that can be recruited…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 133 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 2012, Cerebral Cortex, 23, 739
- Fusar-Poli, 2009, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 34, 418
- 2012, 3, 616
- 2012, Cerebral Cortex, 23, 399
- 2008, GROUP PROCESS INTERGR RELAT, 11, 145
- Reynolds, 2002, Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 7308
- 2012, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 341
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,901–1,903 of 1,903
Xiong, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., yin, Y., & Feng, T. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109409
Carvalho, S. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16101800
Two automatic motivations, two control systems: A neuroscience framework for negotiation
Halali, E. (2026) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2026.102469
Metadata
- Authors
- Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-06-13
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2981-2990
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4193464
- OpenAlex
- W2136449688
- Cited by
- 1,896
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 160 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0631637)
- National Institutes of Health (MH076136)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076137, MH094056, F31MH094056, R01MH076136)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022541, RC1DA028608, R01DA027794, K12DA000167)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069178)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- cognitive reappraisal, emotion regulation, amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, lateral temporal cortex, semantic representation, negative affect, fear extinction, emotional responses
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, PubMed, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
