Serologic testing of US blood donations to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-reactive antibodies: December 2019–January 2020
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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, with subsequent worldwide spread. The first US cases were identified in January 2020. Methods: To determine if SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies were present in sera prior to the first identified case in the United States on 19 January 2020, residual archived samples from 7389 routine blood donations collected by the American Red Cross from 13 December 2019 to 17 January 2020 from donors resident in 9 states (California, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin) were tested at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Specimens reactive by pan-immunoglobulin (pan-Ig) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the full spike protein were tested by IgG and IgM ELISAs, microneutralization test, Ortho total Ig S1 ELISA, and receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity assay. Results: Of the 7389 samples, 106 were reactive by pan-Ig. Of these 106 specimens, 90 were available for further testing. Eighty-four of 90 had neutralizing activity, 1 had S1 binding activity, and 1 had receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity >50%, suggesting the presence of anti–SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies. Donations with reactivity occurred in all 9 states. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have been introduced into the United States prior to 19 January 2020.
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Whether identifiable COVID-19 cases appeared earlier than December 2019 is unknown.
“Whether identifiable cases appeared earlier than December, 2019, is unknown.68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
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The twin-beginnings of COVID-19 in Asia and Europe – One prevails quicklyPreprint
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Seattle, Washington: October 2019–April 2020
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Pandemic Analysis II: Governmental Actions During the Pandemic—Lockdown or No Lockdown?
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Why the Official Theory about COVID-19 Is Not Tenable
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Steuerung und Freiheit. Eine Antwort auf Frank Nullmeier
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- Authors
- Basavaraju, S. V., Patton, M. E., Grimm, K., Rasheed, M. A. U., Lester, S., Mills, L., Stumpf, M., Freeman, B., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J., Schiffer, J., Semenova, V., Li, H., Alston, B., Ategbole, M., Bolcen, S., Boulay, D., Browning, P., Cronin, L., David, E., Desai, R., Epperson, M., Gorantla, Y., Jia, T., Maniatis, P., Moss, K., Ortiz, K., Park, S. H., Patel, P., Qin, Y., Steward-Clark, E., Tatum, H., Vogan, A., Zellner, B., Drobeniuc, J., Sapiano, M. R. P., Havers, F., Reed, C., Gerber, S., Thornburg, N. J., & Stramer, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- American Red Cross (US)
- Synergy America (United States) (US)
- Eagle Global Scientific, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- CFD Research Corporation (United States) (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thornburg, Natalie J
- ORCID
- Basavaraju, Sridhar V
- Patton, Monica E
- Lester, Sandra
- Mills, Lisa
- Stumpf, Megan
- Freeman, Brandi
- Tamin, Azaibi
- Harcourt, Jennifer
- Schiffer, Jarad
- Semenova, Vera
- Li, Han
- Alston, Bailey
- Bolcen, Shanna
- Epperson, Monica
- Maniatis, Panagiotis
- Ortiz, Kristina
- Patel, Palak
- Drobeniuc, Jan
- Havers, Fiona
- Reed, Carrie
- Gerber, Susan
- Thornburg, Natalie J
- Stramer, Susan L
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-11-30
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e1004-e1009
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- PMC
- PMC7799215
- OpenAlex
- W3108003003
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- US government work
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, blood donation, pre-existing antibodies, serological surveillance, blood donor screening, neutralizing antibodies
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, Viral, Blood Donors, China, Connecticut, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, Wisconsin, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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