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The chromatin remodeling complex NoRC targets HDAC1 to the ribosomal gene promoter and represses RNA polymerase I transcription
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Mammalian chromatin remodeling complexes are involved in both activation and repression of transcription. Here, we show that NoRC, a SNF2h- containing nucleolar chromatin remodeling complex, represses ribosomal gene transcription. NoRC-mediated rDNA silencing was alleviated by trichostatin A, indicating that histone deacetylation is causally involved in silencing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that overexpression of TIP5, the large subunit of NoRC, mediates deacetylation of nucleosomes in the vicinity of the rDNA promoter. Protein-protein interaction assays reveal association of TIP5 with the histone deacetylase HDAC1 in vivo and in vitro. Deletion of the C-terminal PHD finger and bromodomain abolishes the interaction of TIP5 and HDAC1, and abrogates transcriptional repression. The results suggest that NoRC silences the rDNA locus by targeting the SIN3 corepressor complex to the rDNA promoter, thereby establishing a repressed chromatin structure.
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“Silent rRNA genes in mammalian cells are known to have hypermethylated DNA and regular nucleosomes carrying repressive histone modifications, such as H3K9me3, H4K20me3 and H3K27me3 (94,95,102,103)”
From Impaired function of rDNA transcription initiation machinery leads to derepression of ribosomal genes with insertions of R2 retrotransposon (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
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The Epigenetics of rRNA Genes: From Molecular to Chromosome Biology
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“NoRC silences rRNA genes by recruiting enzymes that mediate heterochromatin formation and silencing (Zhou et al. 2002; Zhou and Grummt 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKi‐67 protein is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription in quiescent and proliferating cells
Bullwinkel, J., Baron‐Lühr, B., Lüdemann, A., Wohlenberg, C., Gerdes, J., & Scholzen, T. E. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.20494 · Cited by 435
“The recently discovered chromatin remodeling complex NoRC targets histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase activity to the rRNA gene promoter and thereby represses Pol I transcription (Santoro et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2002).”
BackgroundChromatin remodelling at promoters suppresses antisense transcription
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Self-citationEpigenetic changes in Alzheimer's disease: Decrements in DNA methylation
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“NoRC is associated with silent rRNA genes and has been shown to function as a chromatin-specific repressor of rDNA transcription through recruitment of histone modifying and DNA methylating activities (Santoro et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2002; Santoro and Grummt, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCis-acting noncoding RNAs: friends and foes
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Grummt, I., & Pikaard, C. S. (2003) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1171 · Cited by 304
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Gazin, C., Wajapeyee, N., Gobeil, S., Virbasius, C.-M. A., & Green, M. R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06251 · Cited by 279
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Self-citationChromatin‐mediated regulation of nucleolar structure and RNA Pol I localization by TOR
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“assays were performed as described previously (35, 43).”
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“The NoRC subunit TIP5 interacts with TTF-I, and NoRC in turn recruits DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3, and the histone deacetylase-containing Sin3 complex, which mediate transcriptional repression (Santoro and Grummt 2005; Santoro et al. 2002; Zhou et al. 2002).”
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“…to our data, such spatial and linear closeness may allow TIP5, bound to silent rRNA genes, to interact with centric repeats and to aid in establishing heterochromatic structures using similar mechanisms as used to silence the rDNA locus (Santoro et al, 2002; Zhou et al, 2002) (Figures 6A and B).”
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“For example, the silenced rRNA genes can be re-expressed after either 5-azadC or TSA treatments [26-29] but treatment with both drugs together does not result in additional re-expression, suggesting that DNA methylation and histone deacetylation cooperate to silence rRNA gene expression [26].”
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Raška, I., Koberna, K., Malínský, J., Fidlerová, H., & Mašata, M. (2004) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1016/j.biolcel.2004.04.015 · Cited by 165
“…recent reports from Grummt and collaborators on rRNA gene silencing have brought clues as to how repressive chromatin states become established on ribosomal genes in mouse cells (Strohner et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2002; Santoro and Grummt, 2001; Santoro et al., 2002; Grummt and Pikaard, 2003).”
BackgroundNucleolus: A Central Hub for Nuclear Functions
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“It also targets HDAC1 to the ribosomal promoter (Zhou et al., 2002) and recruits DNA methyltransferase activity establishing structural characteristics of heterochromatin (Santoro et al.”
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“Subsequent biochemical studies have demonstrated that NoRC physically interacts with the Sin3 co-repressor complex that includes histone deacetylase HDAC1 and HDAC2 and also interacts with the DNAmethyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3 [67,68].”
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“dtd" [ ]> The SNF2h (sucrose non-fermenting protein 2 homologue)-containing chromatin-remodelling complex NoRC silences a fraction of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) by establishing a heterochromatic structure at the rDNA promote”
Self-citationFACT facilitates chromatin transcription by RNA polymerases I and III
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“…which can additionally recruit histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases such as DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3 (Santoro et al, 2002; Zhou et al, 2002; Zhou and Grummt, 2005; Espada et al, 2007); WICH, a chromatin remodelling complex containing WSTF (Williams syndrome transcription…”
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“Nucleolar translocation of chromatin regulators like HDAC1, HDAC2, SIRT1 have been reported, with chromatin remodeling and interfering with global transcription [28,56].”
BackgroundThe Roles of the Methyl-CpG Binding Proteins in Cancer
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BackgroundHistone ADP-Ribosylation Facilitates Gene Transcription by Directly Remodeling Nucleosomes
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“In addition, despite the presence of nucleosomes at the rDNA promoter (33, 65), ADP-ribose synthesis was not detected at this promoter.”
BackgroundNucleolar dominance and ribosomal RNA gene silencing
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“NoRC physically interacts with the Sin3 co-repressor complex, which includes the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 [44], which are members of the same gene family as Arabidopsis HDA6 [16].”
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“NoRC silences a subset of rRNA genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to the rDNA promoter that are required for heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing (Zhou et al. 2002; Zhou and Grummt 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuszewicz, D., Archacki, R., Palusiński, A., Kotliński, M., Fogtman, A., Iwanicka‐Nowicka, R., Sosnowska, K., Kuciński, J., Pupel, P., Olędzki, J., et al. (2016) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12756 · Cited by 130
The chromatin remodeling complex NoRC controls replication timing of rRNA genes
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“This result supports previous studies showing that one of the first steps in NoRC-mediated heterochromatin formation is recruitment of HDAC1 and histone deacetylation to the rDNA promoter (Zhou et al, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationZygote Arrest 1 (Zar1) Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Gene Expressed in Vertebrate Ovaries1
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“…hypermethylation, repressive histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs (Chen and Pikaard 1997; San-toro and Grummt 2001; Santoro et al. 2002, 2010; Zhou et al. 2002; Lawrence et al. 2004; Strohner et al. 2004; Ear-leyet al. 2006; Li et al. 2006; Mayer et al. 2006; Preuss et al. 2008; Pontvianne…”
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“The nucleolar remodeler complex has been shown to repress RNA Polymerase I transcription through the recruitment of the SIN3/HDAC1 complex (Zhou et al. 2002).”
BackgroundFunctional diversity of ISWI complexes
Dirscherl, S., & Krebs, J. E. (2004) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o04-044 · Cited by 92
Genome Organization in and around the Nucleolus
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“In mammalian cells, the factor responsible for the formation and maintenance of silent rRNA genes is the nucleolar remodeling complex NoRC [24,25,43].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStrohner, R., Németh, A., Nightingale, K. P., Grummt, I., Becker, P. B., & Längst, G. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.4.1791-1798.2004 · Cited by 88
“These results established a link between chromatin remodeling, histone modification, DNA methylation, and transcriptional silencing (17, 22); the results also indicated a key role for NoRC in the establishment or propagation of rRNA gene silencing.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKhetchoumian, K., Teletin, M., Mark, M. P., Lerouge, T., Cerviño, M., Oulad‐Abdelghani, M., Chambon, P., & Losson, R. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m404779200 · Cited by 82
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“In higher eukaryotes, these are typically specific for rDNA regulation although some have other functions a Huang and Moazed (2003) b Straight et al. (1999) c Li et al. (2006b) d Shou et al. (2001) e Oakes et al. (2006) f Tsang et al. (2003) g Peng and Karpen (2007) h Santoro and Grummt (2001) i Mais et al. (2005) j C…”
BackgroundGrummt, I. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm020 · Cited by 90
Self-citationThe epigenetic pathways to ribosomal DNA silencing
Srivastava, R., Srivastava, R., & Ahn, S. H. (2016) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00005-16 · Cited by 90
Novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials: emerging approaches in cancer therapy
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“In post-transcriptional gene silencing, RNA creates heterochromatin and results in heritable transcriptional gene silencing [178].”
BackgroundClose to the edge: Heterochromatin at the nucleolar and nuclear peripheries
Bizhanova, A., & Kaufman, P. D. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194666 · Cited by 112
Wisely chosen paths – regulation of rRNA synthesis
Grummt, I. (2010) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07892.x · Cited by 100
Self-citationNémeth, A. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkh732 · Cited by 64
“I plays a key role in the establishment of both the active and inactive state of rDNA (3–7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRNA polymerase I in yeast transcribes dynamic nucleosomal rDNA
Jones, H. S., Kawauchi, J., Braglia, P., Amaro, C. A., Kent, N. A., & Proudfoot, N. J. (2007) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb1199 · Cited by 73
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The Nucleolus: In Genome Maintenance and Repair
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The homeostatic regulation of ribosome biogenesis
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Structure and Epigenetics of Nucleoli in Comparison With Non-nucleolar Compartments
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“This complex can interact with Dnmt1, Dnmt3, and the Sin3 correpressor complex containing histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2 but not SIRT1 (Santoro et al. 2002; Zhou et al. 2002; McStay and Grummt 2008).”
BackgroundChromatin Turn Ons and Turn Offs of Ribosomal RNA Genes
Lawrence, R. J., & Pikaard, C. S. (2004) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.3.7.983 · Cited by 72
Postepska‐Igielska, A., Krunic, D., Schmitt, N., Greulich‐Bode, K. M., Boukamp, P., & Grummt, I. (2013) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2013.87 · Cited by 74
“TIP5, the large subunit of NoRC, targets histone-modifying enzymes to rDNA to generate a repressive heterochromatic structure [2,3].”
InfluentialSelf-citationStructure and function of ribosomal RNA gene chromatin
Birch, J. L., & Zomerdijk, J. C. B. M. (2008) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0360619 · Cited by 76
Epigenetic Programming of the rRNA Promoter by MBD3
Brown, S. E., & Szyf, M. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.02037-07 · Cited by 58
“It has been previously reported through chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, however, that HDAC1 does bind to the rRNA promoter ( 54 ); therefore, a complete lack of these proteins in the nucleolus is unlikely.”
BackgroundShimono, K., Shimono, Y., Shimokata, K., Ishiguro, N., & Takahashi, M. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m507356200 · Cited by 66
Chromatin remodeling and human disease
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“…(2015), 7(4), 366–382 doi:10.1093/jmcb/mju038 Published online October 3, 2014 in establishing the heterochromatic state at the rDNA promoter by recruitment of proteins possessing histone-modifying or DNAmethylating activities (Santoro et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2002; Santoro and Grummt, 2005 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialPosttranslational Modifications of Histones by Methylation
Wood, A., & Shilatifard, A. (2004) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(04)67008-2 · Cited by 93
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“HDAC1 is part of several multiprotein complexes (Kelly and Cowley, 2013), including the chromatin remodeling complexes NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) and NuRD, which both modulate the epigenetic signature of rRNA genes (Strohner et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCHD8 Associates with Human Staf and Contributes to Efficient U6 RNA Polymerase III Transcription
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“In this process, it is clear that the packaging of DNA into certain chromatin states has a repressive effect on transcription, in particular on the initiation and elongation steps, as histone octamers within nucleosomes can block the binding of transcription initiation factors and hamper the progress of RNA Pol along…”
BackgroundThe silence of the ribosomal RNA genes
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“Histone acetylations, both of H3 and H4, have been connected with active genes [11,12,16,39], and we now link H3 acetylation to chromatin-remodelling events.”
BackgroundThe Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression
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“, 2008), the major subunit of the nucleolar remodeling complex (NoRC), an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex that has been shown to repress rRNA transcription through H4 taildependent nucleosome sliding and HDAC1 recruitment (Strohner et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2002) (Figure 2B).”
BackgroundGupta, S., & Santoro, R. (2020) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.012 · Cited by 65
“NoRC associates with repressive factors such as DNA methyltransferases, which methylate rRNA gene promoter sequences (Guetg et al., 2010, 2012; Santoro et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNucleolus and rRNA Gene Chromatin in Early Embryo Development
Kresoja‐Rakic, J., & Santoro, R. (2019) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.005 · Cited by 69
“NoRC establishes silent rRNA genes through the recruitment of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone modifier enzymes, such as histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), thereby establishing heterochromatic and repressive structures [20,21,27].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFactors Responsible for Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Transcription
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“NoRC is associated with silent rRNA gene copies, and over-expression of TIP5 represses rRNA polymerase I transcription (SANTORO et al. 2002; ZHOU et al. 2002).”
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Histone Fold Protein Dls1p Is Required for Isw2-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling In Vivo
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“chromosomes (11), and a mammalian ISWI complex, No-RC, represses ribosomal DNA transcription (48).”
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“Mammalian complexes have also suggested links between SNF2H activity and HDACs ( Zhou et al, 2002, 2005; Santoro and Grummt, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialBierhoff, H., Postepska‐Igielska, A., & Grummt, I. (2013) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.26485 · Cited by 73
“NoRC interacts with DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases and histone methyltransferases, thereby triggering promoter methylation, heterochromatin formation and transcriptional silencing.(23,27,28) Thus, NoRC coordinates the activities of macromolecular complexes that modify histones, methylate DNA and establis…”
BackgroundSelf-citationATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling During Cortical Neurogenesis
Sokpor, G., Castro-Hernández, R., Rosenbusch, J., Staiger, J. F., & Tuoc, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00226 · Cited by 64
“…and specifically regulate the expression of ribosomal genes due to the interaction of TIP5 with the transcription termination factor TTF-I and the histone deacetylase HDAC1, resulting in transcriptional repression of target genes (Strohner et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2002; Manelyte et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, Y., Santoro, R., & Grummt, I.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Grummt, Ingrid
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2002-09-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4632-4640
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC126197
- OpenAlex
- W2045365624
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- norC, HDAC1, histone deacetylation, ribosomal DNA transcription, rDNA silencing, RNA polymerase I, PHD finger, bromodomain, transcriptional repression
- MeSH terms
- Bromodomain Containing Proteins, Acetylation, Animals, Cell Line, Chromatin, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, DNA, Ribosomal, Histone Deacetylases, Histones, Multienzyme Complexes, Nucleosomes, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, RNA Polymerase I, Transcription, Genetic, Trans-Activators, 3T3 Cells, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Genes, rRNA, Amino Acid Motifs, Gene Silencing, Protein Interaction Mapping, Macromolecular Substances, Mice, Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex, Histone Deacetylase 1
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