2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy
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The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication.The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy, and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies.Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver.Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
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β-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, class Ic/III antiarrhythmics, and digoxin have been considered reversible causes of advanced AVB in clinical practice.
“B‐blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (non‐DHP CCBs), class Ic/III antiarrhythmics, and digoxin have been considered reversible causes of AVB in clinical practice [2, 3, 4].”
From Clinical Significance and Management of Atrioventricular Block Associated With Bradycardic/Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy: Drug-Induced or Drug-Revealed? (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Section 3.3 identifies adverse drug effects as potentially reversible causes of bradycardia, and section 5.2.1.3 recognizes reversible causes of advanced AV block. Section 11.3 also treats antiarrhythmic drug use as a reversible pacing indication. The passages in our copy do not establish that each of the four specified drug groups is a reversible cause of AV block. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe European Guidelines do not suggest permanent pacing for AVB due to transient causes that are correctable, including bradycardic/antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
“Despite these considerations, the European Guidelines do not suggest permanent pacing for AVB due to transient causes that are correctable, including bradycardic/antiarrhythmic drug therapy.”
From Clinical Significance and Management of Atrioventricular Block Associated With Bradycardic/Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy: Drug-Induced or Drug-Revealed? (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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Self-citationManagement of Conduction Disturbances Associated With Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
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Permanent His-bundle pacing: Long-term lead performance and clinical outcomes
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Self-citationCardiac Arrhythmias in a Healthy Elderly Population
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Self-citationEffects of person-centred care in patients with chronic heart failure: the PCC-HF study
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Self-citationLong-Term Arrhythmic and Nonarrhythmic Outcomes of Lamin A/C Mutation Carriers
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Habbout, A., Sagnard, A., Pommier, T., Didier, R., Garnier, F., Fichot, M., Bertaux, G., Laurent, G., & Guenancia, C. (2023) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.14755 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sfairopoulos, D., Bazoukis, G., Sideris, S., Fragakis, N., Letsas, K., Zekios, K., Liu, T., & Korantzopoulos, P. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.16697 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“B ‐ blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (non ‐ DHP CCBs), class Ic/III antiarrhythmics, and digoxin have been considered reversible causes of AVB in clinical practice [2 – 4].”
Atrioventricular block secondary to transient causes and long‐term recurrence after an index event
Santos, J. G., Martinho, M., Ferreira, B., Cunha, D., Briosa, A., Miranda, R., Almeida, S., Pereira, H., & Brandão, L. (2024) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.14957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Glikson, M., Nielsen, J. C., Kronborg, M. B., Michowitz, Y., Auricchio, A., Barbash, I. M., Barrabés, J. A., Boriani, G., Braunschweig, F., Brignole, M., Burri, H., Coats, A. J. S., Deharo, J.-C., Delgado, V., Diller, G.-P., Israel, C. W., Keren, A., Knops, R. E., Kotecha, D., Leclercq, C., Merkely, B., Starck, C., Thylén, I., Tolosana, J. M., ESC Scientific Document Group, Leyva, F., Linde, C., Abdelhamid, M., Aboyans, V., Arbelo, E., Asteggiano, R., Barón-Esquivias, G., Bauersachs, J., Biffi, M., Birgersdotter-Green, U., Bongiorni, M. G., Borger, M. A., Čelutkienė, J., Cikes, M., Daubert, J.-C., Drossart, I., Ellenbogen, K., Elliott, P. M., Fabritz, L., Falk, V., Fauchier, L., Fernández-Avilés, F., Foldager, D., Gadler, F., De Vinuesa, P. G. G., Gorenek, B., Guerra, J. M., Hermann Haugaa, K., Hendriks, J., Kahan, T., Katus, H. A., Konradi, A., Koskinas, K. C., Law, H., Lewis, B. S., Linker, N. J., Løchen, M.-L., Lumens, J., Mascherbauer, J., Mullens, W., Nagy, K. V., Prescott, E., Raatikainen, P., Rakisheva, A., Reichlin, T., Ricci, R. P., Shlyakhto, E., Sitges, M., Sousa-Uva, M., Sutton, R., Suwalski, P., Svendsen, J. H., Touyz, R. M., Van Gelder, I. C., Vernooy, K., Waltenberger, J., Whinnett, Z., Witte, K. K., Kronborg, M. B., Michowitz, Y., Auricchio, A., Barbash, I. M., Barrabés, J. A., Boriani, G., Braunschweig, F., Brignole, M., Burri, H., Coats, A. J. S., Deharo, J.-C., Delgado, V., Diller, G.-P., Israel, C. W., Keren, A., Knops, R. E., Kotecha, D., Leclercq, C., Merkely, B., Starck, C., Thylén, I., & Tolosana, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- ORCID
- Glikson, Michael
- Nielsen, Jens Cosedis
- Abdelhamid, Magdy
- Aboyans, Victor
- Asteggiano, Riccardo
- Čelutkienė, Jelena
- Daubert, Jean-Claude
- Ellenbogen, Kenneth
- Falk, Volkmar
- Fauchier, Laurent
- Hendriks, Jeroen
- Kahan, Thomas
- Katus, Hugo A
- Koskinas, Konstantinos C
- Lumens, Joost
- Prescott, Eva
- Ricci, Renato Pietro
- Sutton, Richard
- Vernooy, Kevin
- Witte, Klaus K
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-08-29
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 3427-3520
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W3217576295
- Cited by
- 2,019
- References
- 859
- Citations by year
- 2026: 358 · 2025: 391 · 2024: 413 · 2023: 428 · 2022: 378 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 211.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sociedad Española de Cardiología
- British Cardiovascular Society
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR200158, NIHR130280)
- Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF16OC0018658)
- Slovenská Kardiologická Spoločnost
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Keywords
- cardiac pacing, cardiac resynchronization therapy, pacing indications, heart failure, atrial fibrillation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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