Diurnal rhythms of serum total, free and bioavailable testosterone and of SHBG in middle-aged men compared with those in young men
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Summary: background Conflicting views are reported on the association between advancing age and gradually diminishing concentrations of serum total testosterone in men. The putative loss of diurnal rhythm in serum total testosterone in older men is reported to be in part due to low concentrations in the morning when compared to concentrations found in young men. We have measured total, free and bioavailable testosterone along with SHBG in samples taken every 30 min throughout a 24‐h period in 10 young and eight middle‐aged men. results Both young and middle‐aged men displayed a significant diurnal rhythm in all variables, with a minimum fall of 43% in total testosterone from peak to nadir in all subjects. Subjecting the data to a time series analysis by least squares estimation revealed no significant difference in mesor ( P = 0·306), amplitude ( P = 0·061) or acrophase ( P = 0·972) for total testosterone between the two groups. Comparing bioavailable testosterone in the two groups revealed no significant difference in mesor ( P = 0·175) or acrophase ( P = 0·978) but a significant difference ( P = 0·031) in amplitude. Both groups display a significant circadian rhythm (middle‐aged group P < 0·001; young group P = 0·014). Free testosterone revealed a highly significant rhythm in both the young group ( P < 0·001) and the middle‐aged group ( P = 0·002), with no significant difference between the groups in mesor ( P = 0·094) or acrophase ( P = 0·698). Although analysis of the SHBG data revealed a significant rhythm in the young group ( P = 0·003) and the older group ( P < 0·001), the acrophase occurred in the mid afternoon in both groups (15·12 h in the young and 15·40 h in the middle‐aged). The older men had a significantly greater amplitude ( P = 0·044) but again no significant difference was seen in mesor ( P = 0·083) or acrophase ( P = 0·477) between the two groups. Acrophases for total, bioavailable and free testosterone occurred between 07·00 h and 07·30 h; for SHBG the acrophase occurred at 15·12 h in the young group and 15·40 h in the middle‐aged group. conclusions The study suggests that the diurnal rhythm in these indices of androgen status is maintained in fit, healthy men into the 7th decade of life.
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In men, a testosterone morning acrophase is under circadian control and is believed to prepare for the challenges of the new day and could promote vigor upon waking.
“as well as, in men, a testosterone morning acrophase (Diver et al., 2003), are believed to prepare us for the challenges of the new day and could be expected to promote a sense of vigor upon waking.”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Diver et al., 2003
Exercise is independently associated with increasing testosterone levels.
“In addition to weight loss, exercise is independently associated with increasing T levels.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
Compared with aerobic activity, resistance exercise likely produces greater testosterone improvements, with untrained men having larger increases than those routinely performing resistance exercise.
“Compared to aerobic activity, resistance exercise likely results in greater improvements in T, with untrained men experiencing larger increases compared to those routinely performing resistance exercises.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
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Liu, P. Y. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00683 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mazer, N., Bell, D., Wu, J., Fischer, J., Cosgrove, M., & Eilers, B. (2005) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.20231.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Age related variation of salivary testosterone values in healthy Japanese males
Uchida, A., Bribiescas, R. G., Ellison, P. T., Kanamori, M., Ando, J., Hirose, N., & Ono, Y. (2006) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530601060461 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Brambilla, D. J., O’Donnell, A. B., Matsumoto, A. M., & McKinlay, J. B. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1303 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Diver, M. J., Imtiaz, K. E., Ahmad, A. M., Vora, J. P., & Fraser, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Diver, Michael J.
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 710-717
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2138753246
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- diurnal cycle, circadian rhythm, testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, aging, middle-aged men, young men, acrophase, mesor, amplitude, time series analysis, androgen metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Biological Availability, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Least-Squares Analysis
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