White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Because of differences in processing and nutrients, brown rice and white rice may have different effects on risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined white and brown rice consumption in relation to type 2 diabetes risk prospectively in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Nurses' Health Study I and II. METHODS: We prospectively ascertained and updated diet, lifestyle practices, and disease status among 39,765 men and 157,463 women in these cohorts. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment for age and other lifestyle and dietary risk factors, higher intake of white rice (> or =5 servings per week vs <1 per month) was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes: pooled relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]), 1.17 (1.02-1.36). In contrast, high brown rice intake (> or =2 servings per week vs <1 per month) was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes: pooled relative risk, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.81-0.97). We estimated that replacing 50 g/d (cooked,equivalent to one-third serving per day) intake of white rice with the same amount of brown rice was associated with a 16% (95% CI, 9%-21%) lower risk of type 2 diabetes,whereas the same replacement with whole grains as a group was associated with a 36% (30%-42%) lower diabetes risk [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: Substitution of whole grains, including brown rice, for white rice may lower risk of type 2 diabetes. These data support the recommendation that most carbohydrate intake should come from whole grains rather than refined grains to help prevent type 2 diabetes.
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Replacing white with brown rice (50 grams/day) reduced T2DM risk by 16%.
“Replacing white with brown rice (50 grams/day) reduced T2DM risk by 16% (113),”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [113]
In the Nurses' Health Study, higher consumption of white rice is associated with increased risk of diabetes, whereas consumption of brown rice protects against the disease.
“Despite relatively low consumption of rice in the U.S. population, in the NHS, we found that higher consumption of white rice is associated with increased risk of diabetes, whereas consumption of brown rice, a whole grain, protects against the disease (23).”
From Globalization of Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Sun, Q.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Qi
- ORCID
- Sun, Qi
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-06-14
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 961
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3024208
- OpenAlex
- W2079623071
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 27.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-87969, CA055075, P01CA087969, CA 050385, P01CA055075, R01CA050385)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI112339)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, white rice, brown rice, whole grains, refined grains, dietary intake, diabetes risk, carbohydrate intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet Surveys, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fiber, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Oryza, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence
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