DrugCentral 2023 extends human clinical data and integrates veterinary drugs

May combine two claims.

60% of covered drugs are on-market drugs with expired patent and exclusivity coverage, 17% are off-market, and 23% are on-market drugs with active patents and exclusivity coverage.

“(i) 60% of the covered drugs are on-market drugs with expired patent and exclusivity coverage, 17% are off-market, and 23% are on-market drugs with active patents and exclusivity coverage”

May combine two claims.

DrugCentral 2023 update contains 285 drugs, of which 131 are for human use.

“The current update contains 285 drugs (131 for human use).”

May combine two claims.

59% of drugs are oral, 33% parenteral, and 18% topical, at the level of active ingredients.

“(ii) 59% of the drugs are oral, 33% are parenteral and 18% topical, at the level of the active ingredients”

May combine two claims.

DrugCentral 2023 includes post-marketing drug events in populations up to 17 years of age (pediatric) and over 65 years (geriatric).

“A third feature of the new DrugCentral version refers to post-marketing drug events in populations up to 17 years of age (pediatric) and over 65 years (geriatric).”

May combine two claims.

Around 73% (255 drugs) of newly added drugs received their first approval from FDA, including all veterinary drugs.

“Around 73% (255 drugs) of the newly added drugs received their first approval from FDA (including all veterinary drugs)”

May combine two claims.

Of the 285 new drugs, 131 were approved only for human use and 154 only for veterinary use.

“Of these, 131 were approved only for human use and 154 only for veterinary use (Figure 1A).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of new orphan drugs approved to treat rare diseases remains constant at ∼60, as reported in 2021.

“The number of new orphan drugs approved to treat rare diseases (23) remains constant at ∼60, as reported in 2021 (Table 1).”

• cites [23] Tambuyzer, 2020, Therapies for rare diseases: therapeutic modalities, progress and challenges ahead, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

DrugCentral 2023 adds veterinary drugs, off-label drug uses not indexed by conventional medical sources, and adverse drug events for pediatric and geriatric medicine.

“DrugCentral 2023 adds new features: (i) veterinary drugs, (ii) off-label drug uses not indexed by conventional medical sources and (iii) adverse drug events for pediatric and geriatric medicine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The physicochemical property profile of animal drugs is very similar to that of human drugs.

“(v) the physicochemical property profile of animal drugs is very similar to that of human drugs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Almost half of the biologics (46%) received orphan designations and are associated with rare disease therapies.

“almost half of the biologics (46%) received orphan designations and are associated with rare disease therapies.”

May combine two claims.

Approval status was updated with 101 drugs approved by FDA, 48 by EMA, and 47 by PMDA.

“101 drugs approved by the FDA, 48 by EMA, and 47 by PMDA (Table 1)”

May combine two claims.

DrugCentral indexed a dataset of 395 unique veterinary agents from FDA's Green Book and curated associated related data.

“we indexed a dataset of 395 unique veterinary agents from FDA’s ‘Green Book’”

May combine two claims.

Around 60% of drugs are OFP, 17% OFM, and 23% ONP.

“Around 60% of the drugs are OFP (on-market drugs with expired patent and exclusivity coverage), 17% are OFM (off-market drugs) and 23% are ONP (on-market drugs covered by active patent and exclusivity) status.”

May combine two claims.

The 2023 DrugCentral database contains off-patent tags for 1712 drugs, a 10% increase compared to 2021.

“The 2023 DrugCentral database contains off-patent tags for 1712 drugs, a 10% increase in drug annotations compared to 2021 (24).”

• cites [24] Avram, 2020, Off-Patent drug repositioning, J. Chem. Inf. Model. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Post-marketing surveillance data from FDA's FAERS has been aggregated based on age, and significant adverse events were identified and incorporated into DrugCentral.

“post-marketing surveillance data from FDA’s FAERS has been aggregated based on age, and significant adverse events were identified and incorporated into the database.”

May combine two claims.

The ratio between the number of targets to the number of drugs is highest in HUMVET (4 targets/drug), followed by VETERINARY (3 targets/drug) and HUMAN (1.3 targets/drug).

“However, the ratio between the number of targets to the number of drugs is highest in HUMVET (4 targets/drug), followed by VETERINARY (3 targets/drug) and HUMAN (1.3 targets/drug) (Figure 4C and D).”

May combine two claims.

There are 166 drugs mapped into the off-patent schema: 119 OFP, 46 OFM, and only one ONP.

“There are 166 drugs mapped into the off-patent schema (24) as follows: 119 OFP, 46 OFM, and only one ONP.”

• cites [24] Avram, 2020, Off-Patent drug repositioning, J. Chem. Inf. Model. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In terms of basic physicochemical and structural properties, the middle 80% of the data ranges as follows: 200 ≤ MW ≤ 615, −1 ≤ CLOGP ≤ 5.25, 1 ≤ ROTB ≤ 11, 2 ≤ HBA ≤ 12, HBD ≤ 4.

“the middle 80% of the data ranges as follows: 200 ≤ MW ≤ 615, −1 ≤ CLOGP ≤ 5.25 (the calculated 1-octanol/water partition coefficient), 1 ≤ ROTB ≤ 11 (number of rotatable bonds), 2 ≤ HBA ≤ 12 (number of hydrogen bond acceptors), HBD ≤ 4 (number of hydrogen bond donors).”

May combine two claims.

Regarding prescription type, 57% of the veterinary drug products (covering most drugs: 305) are Rx and 43% are OTC.

“Regarding prescription type, 57% of the veterinary drug products (covering most drugs: 305) are Rx and 43% are OTC.”

May combine two claims.

Of 4927 drugs stored in DrugCentral, 65% were successfully mapped into WHO ATC classes and 61% into MeSH data.

“Of 4927 drugs stored in DrugCentral, 65% were successfully mapped into WHO ATC classes and 61% into MeSH data (Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

Most of these products (77%) are originals (approved as new animal drug applications; NADA), and the remaining 23% are generics (or ANDA).

“Most of these products (77%) are originals (approved as new animal drug applications; NADA), and the remaining 23% are generics (or ANDA; a copy of an approved new animal drug for which patents or other periods of exclusivity are near expiration).”

May combine two claims.

Most bioactivity data (65%) pertain to human targets, followed by 18% determined against rat, mouse, and bovine targets.

“Most bioactivity data (65%) pertain to human targets, followed by 18% determined against rat, mouse, and bovine targets.”

May combine two claims.

The three distributions are very similar, but a slight shift towards larger values can be observed in VET drugs for MW (median 444.61 a.m.u.) and HBA (median 7) relative to HUM and HUMVET drugs (MW medians 358.48 and 345.87 a.m.u., HBA medians 5 and 5).

“The three distributions are very similar, but a slight shift towards larger values can be observed in VET drugs for MW (median of 444.61 a.m.u.) and HBA (median of 7) relative to HUM and HUMVET drugs (MW medians of 358.48 a.m.u. and 345.87 a.m.u., respectively, and HBA medians of 5 and 5, respectively).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The top three WHO ATC L1 groups with the largest number of drugs are nervous system (522 drugs), alimentary tract and metabolism (450), and cardiovascular system (396).

“The top three WHO ATC L1 groups (anatomical or pharmacologic) with the largest number of drugs are: the nervous system (522 drugs), the alimentary tract and metabolism (450), and the cardiovascular system (396).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Figure 3 plots density distributions separately for 4078 drugs approved only for human use (HUM), 135 drugs approved only for veterinary use (VET), and 216 drugs approved for both human and veterinary use (HUMVET).

“A more detailed view of small molecules is provided in Figure 3, which plots density distributions separately for 4078 drugs approved only for human use (HUM), 135 drugs approved only for veterinary use (VET), and 216 drugs approved for both human and veterinary use (HUMVET).”

May combine two claims.

The median for newly added activity values for MoA targets is higher compared to the median of those indexed in DrugCentral 2021: at least 80% of activity values are >7.7 −log[M] (median 8.4) for new MoA targets compared to >6.43 −log[M] (median 8) previously.

“at least 80% of the activity values are >7.7 −log[M] (median of 8.4 −log[M]) for the new MoA targets compared to >6.43 −log[M] (median of 8 −log[M]) previously found in DrugCentral.”

May combine two claims.

90% of the new OLUs (pair of drug - medical condition) are mentioned in at least four scientific articles in PubMed, with a median of 36 articles per off-label use.

“The results showed that 90% of the new OLUs (pair of drug - medical condition) are mentioned in at least four scientific articles in PubMed, with a median of 36 articles per off-label use.”

May combine two claims.

81% of drugs (in 64,704 products) are licensed for human prescription (Rx), and 19% (in 72,986 products) are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.

“Further, 81% of the drugs (in 64 704 products) are licensed for human prescription (Rx), and 19% (in 72 986 products) are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.”

May combine two claims.

Regarding active ingredients relative to administration route, 59% of drugs are oral, 33% parenteral, and 18% topical.

“regarding the number of active ingredients relative to the administration route, we found that 59% of the drugs are oral, followed by 33% parenteral and 18% topical.”

May combine two claims.

The current version of DrugCentral reports 708 Tchem, 415 Tbio and 26 Tdark proteins, mapped onto TCRD and interfaced with Pharos.

“The current version of DrugCentral reports 708 Tchem, 415 Tbio and 26 Tdark proteins, mapped onto the Target Central Resource Database (TCRD) and interfaced with the TCRD portal, Pharos, respectively (39,40).”

• cites [39] Nguyen, 2017, Pharos: collating protein information to shed light on the druggable genome, Nucleic Acids Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [40] Sheils, 2021, TCRD and pharos 2021: mining the human proteome for disease biology, Nucleic Acids Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Most veterinary drugs (83%) are small organic molecules, and only 5.3% are biologics.

“Most veterinary drugs (83%) are small organic molecules, and only 5.3% are biologics.”

May combine two claims.

The third group comprises 34 antiinflammatory drugs: 14 non-steroidal and 20 glucocorticoids.

“The third group comprises 34 antiinflammatory drugs: 14 non-steroidal and 20 glucocorticoids.”

May combine two claims.

There are 137,693 drug products, of which 88% are formulated for oral (48%) and topical (40%) administration.

“There are 137 693 drug products, of which 88% are formulated for oral (48%) and topical (40%) administration.”

May combine two claims.

Kinase activities cover the largest number of protein targets but the smallest number of drugs among the three protein families.

“Kinase activities cover the largest number of protein targets but also the smallest number of drugs among the three protein families.”

May combine two claims.

The largest pharmacological class in veterinary drugs is defined by anti-infective agents (32% according to MeSH), mainly comprising antibiotics and antiparasitics.

“The largest pharmacological class in veterinary drugs is defined by anti-infective agents (32% according to the MeSH pharmacological classification), mainly comprising antibiotics and antiparasitics (Figure 4A).”

May combine two claims.

60% of the drugs are OFP, 17% are OFM, and 23% are ONP.

“We also uncovered several interesting statistics: (i) 60% of the drugs are OFP, 17% are OFM, and 23% are ONP;”

May combine two claims.

The outcomes showed at least one clinical trial for 73% of the new OLUs and for all approved indications.

“The outcomes showed at least one clinical trial for 73% of the new OLUs and, not surprisingly, for all approved indications (Table 4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Currently, azaperone is the only sedative approved for pigs.

“Currently, azaperone is the only sedative approved for pigs.”

May combine two claims.

The 2023 version computes adverse drug event scores granulated by age: pediatric data (FAERS_PED) covers patients from 1 day to 17 years, and geriatric data (FAERS_GER) focuses on elderly patients over 65 years of age.

“The 2023 version goes further by computing adverse drug event scores granulated by age: pediatric data (FAERS_PED) covers patients from 1 day to 17 years, and geriatric data (FAERS_GER) focuses on elderly patients over 65 years of age respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2023 release supports 'Target Card' and chemical substructure queries.

“The 2023 release also supports ‘Target Card’ and chemical substructure queries (vide infra).”

May combine two claims.

There are 70 drugs and 99 terms describing the adverse event in pediatrics, versus 1724 drugs with 11 832 MedDRA PTs in geriatric data.

“There are 70 drugs and 99 terms describing the adverse event in pediatrics, versus 1724 drugs with 11 832 MedDRA PTs in geriatric data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to DrugCentral records, baricitinib is approved for atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis, while ruxolitinib is approved for myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera.

“According to DrugCentral records, baricitinib is approved for atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis, while ruxolitinib is approved for myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera.”

May combine two claims.

The top 3 drugs showing the most AEs are ampicillin, acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen in pediatrics, while in geriatrics, the top drugs are methotrexate, etanercept, and tacrolimus.

“For example, the top 3 drugs showing the most AEs are ampicillin, acetylsalicylic acid and ibuprofen (usually used to treat acute diseases) in pediatrics, while in geriatrics, the top drugs are methotrexate, etanercept, and tacrolimus (used in chronic conditions).”

May combine two claims.

Based on their administration route, 59% of the drugs are orally formulated, with 33% parenteral and 18% topical.

“(ii) based on their administration route, 59% of the drugs are orally formulated, with 33% parenteral and 18% topical;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

About half of FDA-approved animal drugs are also approved for humans.

“About half of the FDA-approved animal drugs are also approved for humans (13).”

• cites [13] Scott, 2020, A structural analysis of the FDA green book-approved veterinary drugs and roles in human medicine, J. Med. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Harm rates in pediatrics remain high (19.1 adverse events per 1000 inpatient days) despite nationwide efforts to improve patient safety.

“Harm rates in pediatrics remain high (19.1 adverse events per 1000 inpatient days) despite nationwide efforts to improve patient safety (22).”

• cites [22] Stockwell, 2018, Adverse events in hospitalized pediatric patients, Pediatrics sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using pharmaceutical formulations or dosage not mentioned in the drug label for an indication falls into the practice of off-label drug use.

“Using pharmaceutical formulations (e.g. oral solution instead of capsules) or dosage (e.g. two tablets instead of one per day) not mentioned in the drug label for an indication also falls into the practice of off-label drug use (16).”

• cites [16] Wittich, 2012, Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use, Mayo Clin. Proc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is estimated that 57% of drug therapy innovations were discovered by practicing clinicians through field discovery.

“it is estimated that 57% of drug therapy innovations were discovered by practicing clinicians through field discovery (18).”

• cites [18] Demonaco, 2006, The major role of clinicians in the discovery of off-label drug therapies, Pharmacotherapy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approved therapeutic drug uses, off-label uses and contraindications are manually curated from drug labels and scientific literature.

“Approved therapeutic drug uses, off-label uses and contraindications are manually curated from drug labels and the scientific literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Physicians may treat off-label clinical conditions and diseases for patients that respond poorly to conventional treatment, often in specific populations poorly represented in clinical trials, e.g. pediatric, pregnant or psychiatric patients.

“physicians may treat off-label clinical conditions and diseases for patients that respond poorly to conventional treatment, often in specific populations poorly represented in clinical trials, e.g. pediatric, pregnant or psychiatric patients (16).”

• cites [16] Wittich, 2012, Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use, Mayo Clin. Proc. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some veterinary antibiotics were first approved in animals.

“However, some were first approved in animals (14).”

• cites [14] Milton, 2020, Moxidectin: an oral treatment for human onchocerciasis, Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health and highlighted veterinary drugs as a potential source of viable antivirals.

“The recent COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health but has also highlighted veterinary drugs as a potential source of viable antivirals (15).”

• cites [15] Ma, 2020, Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting the viral main protease, Cell Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Veterinary medicine plays a crucial role in human and public health by improving animal health, agriculture and food systems, biomedical and comparative medical research, and addressing zoonotic diseases.

“Veterinary medicine plays a crucial role in human and public health by improving animal health (companion animals, wildlife, exotic animals and food animals), agriculture and food systems, biomedical and comparative medical research, and addressing zoonotic diseases (12).”

• cites [12] King, 2006, Veterinary medicine and public health at CDC, MMWR Suppl.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

DrugCentral has been a public digital database aggregating drug information since 2016.

“DrugCentral has been a public digital database aggregating drug information since 2016 (1).”

• cites [1] Ursu, 2016, DrugCentral: online drug compendium, Nucleic Acids Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Medical care could be the third leading cause of death in the United States.

“and could be the third leading cause of death in the United States (21).”

• cites [21] Makary, 2016, Medical error-the third leading cause of death in the uS, BMJ sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A study mining US NDTI prescription data showed that 21% of overall drug use is off-label, of which 73% had little or no scientific support.

“A study mining US Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) prescription data showed that 21% of overall drug use is off-label, of which 73% had little or no scientific support (17).”

• cites [17] Radley, 2006, Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians, Arch. Intern. Med. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is estimated that medical care is responsible for 10,000-444,000 deaths annually.

“It is estimated that medical care is responsible for 10 000–444 000 deaths annually (20)”

• cites [20] James, 2013, A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care, J. Patient Saf. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nearly all veterinary antibiotics were first approved in humans.

“Nearly all veterinary antibiotics were first approved in humans.”

• cites [14] Milton, 2020, Moxidectin: an oral treatment for human onchocerciasis, Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Including veterinary drugs in DrugCentral could inform promiscuity analyses such as BADAPPLE, a chemical pattern detection algorithm.

“Including veterinary drugs in DrugCentral could inform promiscuity analyses such as BADAPPLE, a chemical pattern detection algorithm (46).”

• cites [46] Yang, 2016, Badapple: promiscuity patterns from noisy evidence, J. Cheminform. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Chemical structures were manually assigned to 140 of the latest veterinary drugs, and molecular descriptors and structure depictions were computed per DrugCentral workflow.

“Chemical structures were manually assigned to 140 of the latest veterinary drugs, and molecular descriptors and structure depictions were computed per DrugCentral workflow (1).”

• cites [1] Ursu, 2016, DrugCentral: online drug compendium, Nucleic Acids Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The high percentage of OFP drugs, and the similar molecular property profile distribution, suggest that veterinary drugs may be viable candidates in animal drug repositioning programs.

“The high percentage of OFP drugs, and the similar molecular property profile distribution, suggest that veterinary drugs may be viable candidates in animal drug repositioning programs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Off-patent status and similar molecular property profile distribution indicate that veterinary drugs may be viable candidates in animal drug repositioning programs.

May combine two claims.

Human-to-animal drug repurposing opportunities exist and are supported by 'extra-label uses'.

“This suggests that human-to-animal drug repurposing opportunities exist and are supported by ‘extra-label uses’ (approved FDA terminology).”

May combine two claims.

Azaperone (Stresnil®) is used to reduce fear and aggression in recently mixed groups of pigs, based on a 1968 report showing its sedative effect in swine.

“Azaperone (Stresnil®) is used to reduce fear and aggression in recently mixed groups of pigs, based on a 1968 report showing its sedative effect in swine (50).”

• cites [50] Marsboom, 1968, Ervaringen met azaperone (R1929*) als sedativum bij het varken, Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Azaperone is a butyrophenone invented by Paul Janssen, as part of a series of neuroleptic drugs.

“Use case: Azaperone is a butyrophenone invented by Paul Janssen, as part of a series of neuroleptic drugs (49).”

• cites [49] Janssen, 1961, Heterocyclic derivatives of 1-phenyl-omega-(piperazine)alkanolsNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on an in-house drug discovery knowledge graph, BenevolentAI scientists proposed baricitinib, at the time approved for rheumatoid arthritis, as a drug repurposing candidate for severe COVID-19.

“Based on an in-house drug discovery knowledge graph, BenevolentAI scientists proposed baricitinib, at the time approved for rheumatoid arthritis, as a drug repurposing candidate for severe COVID-19 (52,53).”

• cites [52] Richardson, 2020, Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, Lancet sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [53] Smith, 2021, Expert-Augmented computational drug repurposing identified baricitinib as a treatment for COVID-19, Front. Pharmacol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Half of the FDA-approved animal drugs are approved for human use.

“It has been previously noted that half of the FDA-approved animal drugs are approved for human use (13).”

• cites [13] Scott, 2020, A structural analysis of the FDA green book-approved veterinary drugs and roles in human medicine, J. Med. Chem. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Humans are more predisposed to provide pharmaceutical care to companion animals (i.e. dogs, cats and horses), than domesticated (food) animals or wild animals.

“Given this therapeutic arsenal, it appears that humans are more predisposed to provide pharmaceutical care to companion animals (i.e. dogs, cats and horses), than domesticated (food) animals or wild animals.”

May combine two claims.

The top 10 FAERS-listed adverse events, regardless of gender or age, are consistent with ruxolitinib affecting the bone marrow, which probably makes this drug less suitable in severe viral infections.

“The top 10 FAERS-listed adverse events, regardless of gender or age, are consistent with ruxolitinib affecting the bone marrow (adverse events related to platelets, erythrocytes and white blood cells, and splenomegaly), which probably makes this drug less suitable in severe viral infections.”

May combine two claims.

Ruxolitinib has a similar kinase inhibition profile with a higher JAK1/JAK2 potency.

“Ruxolitinib has a similar kinase inhibition profile with a higher JAK1/JAK2 potency (https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/4190).”

• cites https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/4190Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The National Institutes of Health recommends against using ruxolitinib for the treatment of COVID-19.

“However, ruxolitinib failed to show significant protection in the treatment of severe coronavirus disease (57) and the National Institutes of Health recommends against using ruxolitinib for the treatment of COVID-19 (https://bit.ly/3TtgsIe).”

• cites https://bit.ly/3TtgsIeNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lack of approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased enthusiasm in computer-aided drug repurposing.

“The lack of approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased enthusiasm in computer-aided drug repurposing (51).”

• cites [51] Levin, 2020, Artificial intelligence, drug repurposing and peer review, Nat. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Baricitinib was approved (in combination with remdesivir) on November 19 2020 by the US FDA for COVID-19 under the Emergency Use Authorization status.

“Baricitinib was approved (in combination with remdesivir) on November 19 2020 by the US FDA for COVID-19 under the Emergency Use Authorization status (https://bit.ly/3giFeN1).”

• cites https://bit.ly/3giFeN1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The new off-label use data set was documented using automatic searches in scientific literature and clinical trials data and compared to 209 approved indications and other OLUs indexed by DrugCentral for the same 40 drugs.

“The data set was documented thoroughly using automatic searches in the scientific literature and clinical trials data and compared to 209 approved indications and other off-label uses (OLUs) indexed by DrugCentral (for the same 40 drugs) (19).”

• cites [19] Avram, 2022, Annotating off-label drug usage from unconventional sources sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.