Cited by 1,324Mental Health and PsychiatrySchizophrenia research and treatmentPhilosophy and Theoretical Science

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Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self

Sass, L. A., Parnas, J.·2003·Schizophrenia Bulletin

DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been much focus on the apparent heterogeneity of schizophrenic symptoms. By contrast, this article proposes a unifying account emphasizing basic abnormalities of consciousness that underlie and also antecede a disparate assortment of signs and symptoms. Schizophrenia, we argue, is fundamentally a self-disorder or ipseity disturbance (ipse is Latin for "self" or "itself") that is characterized by complementary distortions of the act of awareness: hyperreflexivity and diminished self-affection. Hyperreflexivity refers to forms of exaggerated self-consciousness in which aspects of oneself are experienced as akin to external objects. Diminished self-affection or self-presence refers to a weakened sense of existing as a vital and self-coinciding source of awareness and action. This article integrates recent psychiatric research and European phenomenological psychiatry with some current work in cognitive science and phenomenological philosophy. After introducing the phenomenological approach along with a theoretical account of normal consciousness and self-awareness, we turn to a variety of schizophrenic syndromes. We examine positive, then negative, and finally disorganization symptoms-attempting in each case to illuminate shared distortions of consciousness and the sense of self. We conclude by discussing the possible relevance of this approach for identifying early schizophrenic symptoms.

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“Sass and Parnas (2003) discuss that in psychopathological conditions such as schizophrenia, there can be no clear sense of goal-directedness, or associated differentiation of means from goal, no reason for attention to wend outward toward the world, rather than inward towards one’s own body or…”
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Authors: Sass, L. A., & Parnas, J.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Parnas, J.
ORCID: Parnas, J.
Venue: Schizophrenia Bulletin
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-01-01
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 427-444
ISSN: 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
1745-1701
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017
OpenAlex: W2159675987
Cited by: 1,324
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 65.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Keywords: schizophrenia, consciousness
MeSH terms: Affect, Consciousness, Humans, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Self Concept

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Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self

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