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Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alcohol disrupts functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—regions critical for emotion regulation, behavioral inhibition, and social cognition (Harenski And Hamann 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Prater et al. 2013).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Banks et al. 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies in humans show an inverse relationship between the amygdala and multiple PFC regions including vmPFC,45,46 vlPFC,32,47,48 dmPFC,23,34,49–54 and dlPFC.25,34”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Reciprocal connections between the BLA and mPFC are important for fear extinction, fear discrimination, and other processes requiring the resolution of conflicting information (47–50), and dendritic hypotrophy in mPFC neurons has been linked to stress and alcohol-related deficits in fear extinction (51,52).”
From Chronic Stress Remodels Synapses in an Amygdala Circuit-Specific Manner (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
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Singh, S., Shaw, S. B., & Becker, S. (2026) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-026-10425-3 · Cited by 2
“…regions, such as the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, have also been implicated in rumination (Gao et al. 2023; Kim et al. 2023), these regions are more frequently attributed to cognitive control processes involved in emotion regulation (Banks et al. 2007; Suzuki and Tanaka 2021).”
Giuliano, M. D., Lorenzi, R. M., Schumann, A., Bär, K., & de la Cruz, F. (2026) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2026.103980 · Cited by 1
“Amygdala is a key region in threat detection, fear conditioning, and emotional salience, and its reciprocal functional and structural feedback loops underlined the modulatory role of prefrontal area on limbic activity (Banks et al., 2007; Beauregard et al., 2001).”
Visually grounded emotion regulation via diffusion models and user-driven reappraisal
Pinzuti, E., Tüscher, O., & Castro, A. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1691445 · Cited by 1
“Functional neuroimaging studies employing these tasks have shown that successful reappraisal is associated with reduced amygdala activity (Banks et al., 2007; Klumpp et al., 2017) and enhanced activation in prefrontal regions implicated in cognitive control (Ray and Zald, 2012; Morawetz et al.,…”
Singh, S., Thusyanthan, V., Mizzi, A. L., Levy, Y., Kinley, I., Shaw, S. B., & Becker, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1731382 · Cited by 1
Zhang, M., Lan, X., Li, W., Luo, Z., Liu, G., Wu, Z., Yao, Y., Wu, A., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08096-9 · Cited by 1
“From a neuromodulatory perspective, the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down inhibitory control over limbic structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, which is essential for the appropriate suppression of negative affect and for adaptive decision-making [72, 73].”
Daneshnia, N., Losse, E. M., Kurz, A., Chechko, N., & Nehls, S. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04082-7 · Cited by 1
“…highlighted by the restructuring of regions critical for parenting [30] and the amygdala ’ s signi fi cant association with fatherly attachment, as the early postpartum period is a crucial window not only for paternal neural reorganization, but also for the development of paternal attachment itself.”
Neacsiu, A. D., Gerlus, N., Graner, J. L., Bukhari‐Parlakturk, N., Choi, J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & LaBar, K. S. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08331-3 · Cited by 1
“…associated with enhanced activity in the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC), dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and inferior parietal cortex (IPC) [11–13], reduced activity in the amygdala [9] and insula [14], and strengthened fronto-limbic connectivity [15].”
Directed information flow across the metabolic network of the human brain
Deery, H. A., Moran, C., Liang, E., Egan, G. F., & Jamadar, S. D. (2026) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn.a.607 · Cited by 2
Neural Basis of Emotion Regulation
Trojano, L. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12397-9_26 · Cited by 1
“Actually, when normal subjects try to inhibit negative emotions (evoked by sad images) by means of cognitive strategies, a widespread activation is present, particularly in the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and in the cingulate gyrus; moreover, the more efficient the reappraisal strategy, the more evident activation…”
BackgroundMechanisms of Positive and Minimizing Reappraisal
Doré, B. (2016) · doi:10.7916/d86q1xk9 · Cited by 1
How Therapists Use and Choose Mindfulness to Treat Trauma
King, J. M. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.419 · Cited by 1
“…research suggesting that mindfulness is therapeutically useful for relieving symptoms associated with amygdala response such as fight or flight and intrusive memories by activating the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (Banks et al., 2007; Corrigan, 2002; Chiesa et al., 2010).”
BackgroundApplying fMRI complexity analyses to the single subject: a case study for proposed neurodiagnostics
Rǎdulescu, A., & Hannon, E. R. (2017) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2017.1316410 · Cited by 1
Rosa, L. A. (2018) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/s41470-018-0015-6 · Cited by 1
Bonthuys, A., Botha, K. F. H., & Breytenbach, W. J. (2018) · Journal of Psychology and Cognition · doi:10.35841/psychology-cognition.3.1.16-28 · Cited by 1
“The functioning of these two muscles is controlled bythe5thand 7thcranial pairs, which are directly linked to the amygdale [47], which plays an intricate role in self-regulation [91,92].”
BackgroundSiregar, N. R. (2021) · Buletin Psikologi · doi:10.22146/buletinpsikologi.54048 · Cited by 2
Slaying the Hydra: Integrative Wellness Training Affects Ten Complementary Measures of Stress
Mrazek, A. J., Mrazek, M. D., Morseth, B. K., Mrazek, K. L., Mooneyham, B. W., Cole, S. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2021) · Psychoneuroimmunology Journal · doi:10.32371/pnij/246115 · Cited by 2
“Notably, this pattern diverges from the greater amygdala-PFC FC often observed when a person engages in active and effective emotional regulation [40,41,42].”
BackgroundNeurobiologie der Emotionsregulation – Was passiert im Gehirn, während Gefühle reguliert werden?
Barnow, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54637-6_6 · Cited by 1
Funkhouser, C. J., Katz, A. C., Meissel, E. E. E., Stevens, E. S., Weinberg, A., Nabb, C. B., & Shankman, S. A. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00121-w · Cited by 1
“, 2009) may reflect the ability to inhibit reactivity over time (Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe Brain and Body’s Threat System Functioning in Those with NSSI
Carosella, K. A., Wiglesworth, A., Başgöze, Z., Cullen, K. R., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.14 · Cited by 1
Galván, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143.006 · Cited by 1
Neural Correlates of Irritability and Potential Moderating Effects of Inhibitory Control
DeSerisy, M. L., Cohen, J. W., Yang, H., Ramphal, B., Greenwood, P. B., Mehta, K. P., Milham, M. P., Satterthwaite, T. D., Pagliaccio, D., & Margolis, A. E. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100420 · Cited by 1
“Stronger connectivity between the amygdala and these same prefrontal cortex regions has been associated with successful cognitive reappraisal and the reduction of negative affect (77 – 79).”
Francois, T. L., Hilberdink, C. E., Haelewyn, A., Lehodey, A., Soussi, C., Delarue, M., Hébert, O., Landeau, B., Chételat, G., & Bui, É. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.05.042 · Cited by 1
Cocaine, Appetitive Memory and Neural Connectivity
Ray, S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.4172/2161-0495.s7-003 · Cited by 1
Advances in the Application of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression
王, 晓. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.92038 · Cited by 1
Galván, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143.002 · Cited by 1
Psychopharmacological Approaches, Cognitive Enhancement, and Brain Stimulation
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.009 · Cited by 1
Neuroimaging of Brain-Gut Interactions in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Tillisch, K., Labus, J. S., & Naliboff, B. D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809954-4.00018-9 · Cited by 1
Cognitive State Assessment and Monitoring: A Brain Connectivity Perspective
Bose, R., Abbasi, N. I., Thakor, N. V., Bezerianos, A., & Dragomir, A. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_127 · Cited by 1
Neural correlates of positive youth development
Lazar, S. W. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118092699.ch5 · Cited by 1
Almeida, J. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2009.tde-05082010-113331 · Cited by 1
Translational Neuroimaging of the Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Lui, S., Gong, Q., Yong He, A., Northoff, G., & Sweeney, J. A. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/240769 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Tomatis® Method in promoting effective self-regulation in university students
Bonthuys, A. (2016) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 1
Temporal Dynamics of Emotion Regulation A fMRI study of neural activity and functional connectivity
Engen, H. G. (2010) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Neural Substrates of Emotion Dysregulation and Self Injury in Adolescent Girls
Derbidge, C. M. (2013) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 1
Functional Development of Amygdalae and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Emotion Processing
Hung, Y. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
(2010) · Cited by 59
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 303-312
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2566753
- OpenAlex
- W2146828510
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH076198, K23MH076198)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, negative affect, amygdala reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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