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Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alcohol disrupts functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—regions critical for emotion regulation, behavioral inhibition, and social cognition (Harenski And Hamann 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Prater et al. 2013).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Banks et al. 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies in humans show an inverse relationship between the amygdala and multiple PFC regions including vmPFC,45,46 vlPFC,32,47,48 dmPFC,23,34,49–54 and dlPFC.25,34”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Reciprocal connections between the BLA and mPFC are important for fear extinction, fear discrimination, and other processes requiring the resolution of conflicting information (47–50), and dendritic hypotrophy in mPFC neurons has been linked to stress and alcohol-related deficits in fear extinction (51,52).”
From Chronic Stress Remodels Synapses in an Amygdala Circuit-Specific Manner (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
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“Medial brain regions contain hubs of emotion regulation, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (30) as well motor and somatosensory regions.”
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Ludvik, M. B. (2017) · 美中教育评论：B · doi:10.17265/2161-6248/2017.09.001 · Cited by 4
“…in ER processes that also include stress response physiology suggests that ER may involve specific pathways between the PFC and the limbic system, particularly the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Ghashghaei, Hilgetag, & Barbas, 2007; Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundJitsu, M., Niwa, K., Suzuki, G., Obara, T., Iwama, Y., Hagisawa, K., Takahashi, Y., Matsushita, Y., Takeuchi, S., Nawashiro, H., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.621546 · Cited by 5
“Other structures, such as the frontal cortex and amygdala, are also involved in emotionality (43).”
BackgroundGhadiri, A., Habermacher, A., & Peters, T. A. (2012) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30165-0_2 · Cited by 4
Translational Research in Social Anxiety: Summary of Newest Developments and Future Directions
Fang, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch18 · Cited by 3
Puviani, L., Rama, S., & Vitetta, G. M. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1601.07766 · Cited by 6
“, to increase or decrease) a target response; these methods include but are not limited to: the misattribution of a CR forward the target response, the cognitive reappraisal of an emotional response [213] (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZich, C., Johnstone, N., Lührs, M., Lisk, S., Haller, S. P. W., Lipp, A., Lau, J. Y. F., & Kadosh, K. C. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/347971 · Cited by 4
Nikolic, M., Pezzoli, P., Jaworska, N., & Seto, M. C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475895 · Cited by 4
“, 2011), which supports emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007; Berboth and Morawetz, 2021; Ghashghaei and Barbas, 2002).”
BackgroundRussell, N. M., Frier, M. D., Bortolato, M., & Mangieri, R. A. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06938-0 · Cited by 3
Liu, S. J., Guo, Y., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Liu, L., & Ren, Z. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70346 · Cited by 5
Hotel managers' sleep quality, ethical leadership, and hotel employees' proactive behavior
Jiang, R. (2026) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104555 · Cited by 3
The neuroscience of self-control
Berkman, E. T. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315648576.ch10 · Cited by 3
van Kleef, R. S., Müller, A., van Velzen, L. S., Bas‐Hoogendam, J. M., van der Wee, N. J. A., Schmaal, L., Veltman, D. J., Rive, M. M., Ruhé, H. G., Marsman, J.-B. C., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103535 · Cited by 3
“Next, we explored connectivity of brain regions within networks that seem relevant for understanding MDD (Banks et al., 2007; Morawetz et al., 2016; Kaiser et al., 2015) and emotion regulation (Kohn et al., 2014; Rive et al., 2013; Zilverstand et al., 2017; Pic ´ o-P ´ erez et al., 2017; Frank et…”
Yu, W., Ying, Y., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., & Pan, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1474339 · Cited by 4
Pereira, D. M., & Khan, A. (2015) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2015.1090444 · Cited by 3
Mecanismos Neurocognitivos de la motivación en el entrenamiento físico
Bertone, M. S., Loskin, U. E., Sandoval-Obando, E., & Acosta, M. (2020) · Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.46634/riics.44 · Cited by 4
Keshavan, M. S., & Eack, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108163682.004 · Cited by 3
Cognitive State Assessment and Monitoring: A Brain Connectivity Perspective
Bose, R., Abbasi, N. I., Thakor, N. V., Bezerianos, A., & Dragomir, A. (2021) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_127-1 · Cited by 3
Ding, K.-Y., Li, C.-J., Li, Y.-W., & Li, H. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14398 · Cited by 2
Lin, S.-Y., Li, W., & Hirst, G. (2023) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000303 · Cited by 3
“, prefrontal cortex and amygdala) that are used to maintain and choose healthy life patterns purposely (Banks et al., 2007; Beauregard et al., 2001).”
BackgroundHenry, L. M., & Compas, B. E. (2023) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.09.006 · Cited by 6
Hedaya, A., & Hoef, L. V. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100649 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex has been shown to mediate emotional regulation [10].”
BackgroundOjha, A., Jones, N. P., Henry, T. R., Versace, A., Gnagy, E. M., Joseph, H. M., Molina, B. S. G., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.003 · Cited by 3
“…these medial frontal structures and the amygdala (sometimes referred to as mPFC-amygdala circuitry) are centrally implicated in emotion regulatory processes in humans and animal models and are disrupted in affective psychopathological states characterized by internalizing symptoms (19 – 22).”
Qiao, Z., Poppelaars, E., & Li, X. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108769 · Cited by 3
Li, M., Yan, Y., Jia, H., Gao, Y., Qiu, J., & Yang, W. (2024) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.741 · Cited by 4
“On the other hand, the amygdala plays a significant role in emotional regulation (Andrewes & Jenkins, 2019; Banks et al., 2007).”
Emergence of Emotion Selectivity in Deep Neural Networks Trained to Recognize Visual Objects
Liu, P., Bo, K., Ding, M., & Fang, R. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011943 · Cited by 5
Motus Moderari: A Neuroscience-Informed Model for Self-Regulation of Emotion and Motivation
Livingston, J., Kahn, L. E., & Berkman, E. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_13 · Cited by 3
“In studies where connectivity between PFC and amygdala is measured (e.g., Banks et al., 2007), PFC activation is inversely related to amygdala activation.”
BackgroundA real time emotional interaction between EEG brain signals and robot
Aldulaimi, M. A. (2017) · IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) · doi:10.1109/iris.2017.8250150 · Cited by 3
“The signals recorded are focused on the frontal asymmetry which is associated with emotions [15].”
BackgroundDie implizite Selbstregulation am Beispiel des Essverhaltens: Konsequenzen für die Psychotherapie
Paslakis, G., & de Zwaan, M. (2019) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-0845-9439 · Cited by 3
“Gleichzeitig ist eine Aktivierung frontaler Hirnzentren mit einer verminderten Aktivierung im limbischen System (Amygdala und Insula) assoziiert; frontale Hirnareale kognitiver Kontrolle dämpfen somit die Reaktivität in den tiefer gelegenen subkortikalen Arealen [50, 52, 53] und sind mit günstigeren physiologischen Re…”
BackgroundFryc, A., Raudales, A. M., Nelson, R. J., Risi, M. M., & Weiss, N. H. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211005568 · Cited by 3
“, 2002; LeDoux, 2000; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005), critical to conscious and autonomic responses to emotional stimuli (Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTraumatic Experiences Disrupt Amygdala – Prefrontal Connectivity
Hoon, D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/48691 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, the strength of coupling between the amygdala and the OFC/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal (Banks et al., 2007).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 303-312
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2566753
- OpenAlex
- W2146828510
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH076198, K23MH076198)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, negative affect, amygdala reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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