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Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alcohol disrupts functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—regions critical for emotion regulation, behavioral inhibition, and social cognition (Harenski And Hamann 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Prater et al. 2013).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Banks et al. 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies in humans show an inverse relationship between the amygdala and multiple PFC regions including vmPFC,45,46 vlPFC,32,47,48 dmPFC,23,34,49–54 and dlPFC.25,34”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Reciprocal connections between the BLA and mPFC are important for fear extinction, fear discrimination, and other processes requiring the resolution of conflicting information (47–50), and dendritic hypotrophy in mPFC neurons has been linked to stress and alcohol-related deficits in fear extinction (51,52).”
From Chronic Stress Remodels Synapses in an Amygdala Circuit-Specific Manner (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
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Citations
Cites
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Background
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“As higher coactivation of prefrontal cortex and amygdala is linked to lower negative affect when healthy individuals are asked to regulate their emotions to negative stimuli (205), enhancement of this connectivity in PTSD patients may also assist in alleviating their symptoms of negative affect.”
BackgroundDynamic Neural Interactions Supporting the Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion
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BackgroundFemale-Specific Intergenerational Transmission Patterns of the Human Corticolimbic Circuitry
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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Fear Conditioning, and The Uncinate Fasciculus: A Pilot Study
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“Activity within these frontal regions has been shown to modulate limbic regions such as the amygdala and insula, both of which have been associated with the perception and experience of emotions (Banks et al., 2007; Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultNeural correlates of reappraisal considering working memory capacity and cognitive flexibility
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BackgroundDeep brain stimulation modulates directional limbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Self-citationDissociable morphometric profiles of the affective and cognitive dimensions of alexithymia
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Alkhasli, I., Sakreida, K., Mottaghy, F. M., & Binkofski, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00190 · Cited by 43
“Functional connectivity between the amygdala and the PFC was found to be increased during emotional self-regulation tasks (Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA critical review of negative affect and the application of CBT for PTSD
Brown, W. J., Dewey, D., Bunnell, B. E., Boyd, S. J., Wilkerson, A. K., Mitchell, M. A., & Bruce, S. E. (2018) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016650188 · Cited by 43
Stegmayer, K., Usher, J., Trost, S., Henseler, I., Tost, H., Rietschel, M., Falkai, P., & Gruber, O. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0517-5 · Cited by 46
“areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, and orbital) specifically during emotion regulation [38].”
BackgroundSladky, R., Spies, M., Hoffmann, A., Kranz, G. S., Hummer, A., Gryglewski, G., Lanzenberger, R. R., Windischberger, C., & Kasper, S. F. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.044 · Cited by 43
Resting-state connectivity in the default mode network and insula during experimental low back pain
Wu, W., Zhang, S., Huang, G., Liu, Z., Guo, S.-G., Yang, J., & Wang, K. (2014) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.125341 · Cited by 44
“Similarly, the emotional components of nociceptive stimuli are processed within the insula as lesions encompassing the insula can result in pain asymbolia, a condition where the intensity and quality of nociceptive stimuli are preserved Thus, it seems reasonable to suggest that the persistent, self-reflective thoughts…”
BackgroundMeta-Analyses of Developing Brain Function in High-Risk and Emerged Bipolar Disorder
Lee, M., Anumagalla, P., Talluri, P., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00141 · Cited by 43
“The VLPFC is believed to serve the dual function of emotion (49) and motor (50) control via top–down regulation of the amygdala (51) and striatum (52), respectively.”
BackgroundIntentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral PFC
Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011) · Cited by 44
Crane, N. A., Gorka, S., Phan, K., & Childs, E. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.044 · Cited by 39
“Finally, given the role of limbic-prefrontal circuits in self-regulation (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012), poor amygdala-OFC neural connectivity may play a role in the well-established associations between externalizing personality traits, such as trait impulsivity, and alcohol use (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationModulations of human resting brain connectivity by kisspeptin enhance sexual and emotional functions
Comninos, A. N., Demetriou, L., Wall, M. B., Shah, A., Clarke, S. A., Narayanaswamy, S., Nesbitt, A., Izzi‐Engbeaya, C. N., Prague, J., Abbara, A., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.121958 · Cited by 41
“The amygdala-cingulate network has crucial roles in emotional regulation (29), including depression (30) and bonding (31), while the hippocampus has similar roles and also acts in concert with the amygdala in emotional memory (32).”
Duan, G., He, Q., Pang, Y., Chen, W., Liao, H., Liu, H., Tan, L., Liu, Y., Tao, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00178-5 · Cited by 43
Petkus, A. J., Filoteo, J. V., Schiehser, D. M., Gomez, M. E., Hui, J. S., Jarrahi, B., McEwen, S. C., Jakowec, M. W., & Petzinger, G. M. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5255 · Cited by 43
“This may be due to the relationship between the PFC and the limbic system, which is involved with emotional regulation.(42,43) One role of the PFC is to provide topdown inhibitory control signals to modulate limbic circuits (including the amygdala), and abnormalities are linked to the pathogenesis of mood disorders in…”
BackgroundBritton, J. C., Gold, A. L., Deckersbach, T., & Rauch, S. L. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20569 · Cited by 51
“In this study, the significant rACC–amygdala functional connectivity in response to phobia-related words in the SAP group is consistent with finding a stronger dmPFC/ACC– amygdala connection during voluntary reappraisal[40] and may provide evidence that rACC activation is adaptive.”
ResultAn fMRI investigation of emotional processing of body shape in bulimia nervosa
Spangler, D. L., & Allen, M. D. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20899 · Cited by 45
Gillespie, S. M., Brzozowski, A., & Mitchell, I. (2017) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2017.1414816 · Cited by 52
Predicting Empathy From Resting State Brain Connectivity: A Multivariate Approach
Christov‐Moore, L., Reggente, N., Douglas, P. K., Feusner, J. D., & Iacoboni, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00003 · Cited by 42
Self-reported tolerance influences prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and affective responses
Tempest, G. D., & Parfitt, G. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0374-3 · Cited by 42
Motomura, Y., Kitamura, S., Nakazaki, K., Oba, K., Katsunuma, R., Terasawa, Y., Hida, A., Moriguchi, Y., & Mishima, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00306 · Cited by 41
Feng, P., Becker, B., Zheng, Y., & Feng, T. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx148 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, the method provides a strategy to evaluate the regulatory relationship between different brain regions (Banks et al., 2007; Burghy et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2011).”
MethodZhang, L., Opmeer, E. M., van der Meer, L., Aleman, A., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., & Ruhé, H. G. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12611 · Cited by 45
Yu, H., Chen, L., Li, H., Xin, H., Zhang, J., Wei, Z., & Peng, D. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s191441 · Cited by 42
“On the other hand, several studies have demonstrated that emotional regulation is caused by top-down inhibition of the PFC on the amygdala.(59,60) The FC between the PFC and the amygdala is called the amygdala-frontal loop,(59,61)”
BackgroundNikolic, M., Pezzoli, P., Jaworska, N., & Seto, M. C. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110596 · Cited by 41
Efficacy of Guided Imagery with Relaxation for Osteoarthritis Symptoms and Medication Intake
Baird, C. L., Murawski, M. M., & Wu, J. (2010) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2009.04.002 · Cited by 41
Pantazatos, S. P., Talati, A., Pavlidis, P., & Hirsch, J. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002441 · Cited by 42
“Usually these have used Psycho-Physiological Interaction (PPI) analysis to study the functional connectivity of a seed region, often the amygdala, with the rest of the brain during a fearful relative to non-fear perceptual or cognitive state [12,46].”
BackgroundMethodChen, C., Decety, J., Huang, P., Chen, C., & Cheng, Y. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23249 · Cited by 44
“Given the amygdala 2 dlPFC connectivity as the top-down control network [Banks et al., 2007; Yoder and Decety, 2014a], we proposed that the shift in functional coupling or energy reallocation induced by testosterone administration could regulate emotional processing, which, in turn, would heighten reactivity to social…”
Xiao, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, P., Xu, Q., Zheng, H., & Xu, G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29026 · Cited by 41
Tan, Y. H. V., Wu, X., Chen, J., Kong, L., & Qian, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01700 · Cited by 41
OFC and its connectivity with amygdala as predictors for future social anxiety in adolescents
Mao, Y., Zuo, X., Ding, C., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100804 · Cited by 43
“Following this logic, aberrant structural or functional connectivity of amygdala-prefrontal may prompt the inefficient down-regulation of anxiety responses (Banks et al., 2007; Kim and Whalen, 2009; Phan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe brain bases of emotion generation and emotion regulation
Zhang, J., Bo, K., Wager, T. D., & Gross, J. J. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.04.013 · Cited by 45
How Affective Science Can Inform Clinical Science
Tracy, J. L., Klonsky, E. D., & Hajcak, G. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614537627 · Cited by 43
Imbir, K. K., Spustek, T., & Żygierewicz, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00271 · Cited by 40
Fitzgerald, J. M., MacNamara, A., Kennedy, A. E., Rabinak, C. A., Rauch, S. A. M., Liberzon, I., & Phan, K. L. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22551 · Cited by 41
“, 2006) and has been used in prior studies of emotion regulation within our own laboratory (Banks et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2005; Rabinak et al., 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationJung, W. H., Kim, S. N., Lee, T. Y., Jang, J. H., Choi, C., Kang, D., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00633 · Cited by 45
“Previous studies have demonstrated that interactions between the AMY and mOFC are crucial for goal-directed behavior (Holland and Gallagher, 2004) and emotional regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
ResultDehghani, A., Hamid Soltanian-zadeh, A., & Hossein‐Zadeh, G. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120320 · Cited by 42
“Same analysis was done for connectivity-based neurofeedback and in addition to those 11 connections, two more connections including ventral striatum-insula and amygdala-OFC were found.”
BackgroundInfluentialDistinct neural correlates of emotional and cognitive empathy in older adults
Moore, R. C., Dev, S. I., Jeste, D. V., Dziobek, I., & Eyler, L. T. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.016 · Cited by 42
“The amygdala and insula, in particular, are limbic regions which have been associated with the perception of emotions in others (Banks et al., 2007; Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKim, H., Bandettini, P. A., & Lee, J. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.054 · Cited by 39
“These areas have been reported to be engaged in emotional processing and regulation (Banks et al., 2007; Doll et al., 2016).”
Zhang, H., Qiu, Y., Luo, Y., Xu, P., Li, Z., Zhu, W., Wu, Q., Tao, W., Guan, Q., & Chen, F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.364 · Cited by 39
Predictive Models of Maternal Harsh Parenting During COVID-19 in China, Italy, and Netherlands
Riem, M. M. E., Lodder, P., Guo, J., Vrielink-Verpaalen, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Carli, P. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722453 · Cited by 42
Gao, J., Skouras, S., Leung, H. K., Wu, B. W. Y., Wu, H., Chang, C., & Sik, H. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.548856 · Cited by 38
“The interaction between the amygdala and the prefrontal lobe may underlie the strategic cognitive change in emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007) and its malfunction may lead to affective disorders (Zhang et al.”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Shi, W., Wang, H., Liu, M., & Tang, D. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113233 · Cited by 42
Age-Related Differences in Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Emotion Regulation
Allard, E. S., & Kensinger, E. A. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu108 · Cited by 41
Dong, M., Xia, L., Lü, M., Li, C., Ke Cheng, X. U., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134314 · Cited by 42
Amygdala-frontal couplings characterizing SSRI and placebo response in social anxiety disorder
Faria, V., Åhs, F., Appel, L., Linnman, C., Bani, M., Bettica, P., Pich, E. M., Fredrikson, M., & Furmark, T. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145714000352 · Cited by 37
“Both the dlPFC and rACC are known to play important roles in emotion regulation, exerting inhibitory influences on the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Phillips et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 303-312
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2566753
- OpenAlex
- W2146828510
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH076198, K23MH076198)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, negative affect, amygdala reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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