Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation

“This is broadly consistent with the role of these regions in cognitive inhibition/control and executive function (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001), processes that are relevant to reappraisal-based affect regulation.”

“Based on our experimental design (i.e., involving negatively valenced images) and to perform unbiased contrast analysis, we first performed a conjunction analysis with SPM2 (Price and Friston, 1997; Friston et al., 1999; Nichols et al., 2005) to identify amygdala activation that was present across both Maintain and Re…”

“For example, the ACC, VLPFC and DLPFC have been found to activate to response inhibition during the cognitive-emotion interference tasks (Whalen et al., 1998; Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2006).”

“…future studies driven by these findings and anatomical studies would develop an a priori mechanistic neural network model of how prefrontal cortex influences amygdala, and vice versa and pursue effective connectivity analyses in order to infer causal relationships (Friston et al., 2003).”

“Taken together, the data from animal and human studies point to a specific amygdala–frontal circuit of emotion generation and regulation (Davidson et al., 2000; Phan et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2003a; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Quirk and Beer, 2006).”

“This is broadly consistent with the role of these regions in cognitive inhibition/control and executive function (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001), processes that are relevant to reappraisal-based affect regulation.”

“…higher order cognitive control brain areas may have been recruited due to the complex cognitive demands associated with the task, including attention control, evaluation and voluntary regulation of negative emotions, cognitive efforts required for maintaining complex emotions (54, 57, 61–67).”

“The reciprocal connections between the amygdala and mPFC play a critical role in fear learning and extinction (Marek et al., 2013), as well as the emotional regulation of negative affect (Banks et al., 2007; Pessoa, 2008; Motzkin et al., 2015), and have been implicated in anxiety.”

“…amygdala and plays a central role in the “top-down regulation” of amygdala processing (Ghashghaei et al., 2007), the inhibition of negative affect (Banks et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2005), and amygdala activity during real-time fMRI neurofeedback emotion regulation (Paret et al., 2015; Zotev et…”

“Most commonly, these regions have included the amygdala, limbic and salience hub linked to emotional processing and response [24, 25], hippocampus, associated with learning and memory [26], insula, a major salience hub implicated in self-referential processing [20], and prefrontal cortex (PFC).”

“…of studies have indicated that the cognitive control of emotion also activates various prefrontal regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; Banks et al., 2007), the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC; Ochsner et al., 2002), and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC; Lévesque et al.,…”

“The beneficial effects of cognitive reappraisal strategies have further been assigned to the MFG and aMPFC as well (Banks et al., 2007; Delgado et al., 2008; Eippert et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2007; Herwig et al., 2007; Johnstone et al., 2007; McRae et al., 2009; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004a, b; Wager et al. 2008).”

“Their results are consistent with the known role of the amygdala as a key region in threat detection, fear conditioning, and emotional salience, and the mPFC’s role as a modulatory region interconnected with limbic structures involved in emotion regulation [13,18].”

“At a very basic level, neurobehavioral experiments have shown that naming a negative emotion reduces a person’s emotional arousal more than just thinking about what produces the negative emotion [101, 102].”

“…consistent with a major role of the sgACC during emotion regulation, where this area is associated with the top-down control of amygdala reactivity (Banks et al., 2007; Ghashghaei, Hilgetag, & Barbas, 2007; Wager, 2008), and is further implicated in negative mood and depressive symptoms (George et…”

“Aside from limbic alterations, BPD patients have shown abnormal recruitment of frontal brain regions that are typically involved in top-down emotion regulation (Phillips et al. 2003; Banks et al. 2007; Ochsner & Gross, 2007; Etkin et al. 2011) and impulse control (Pessoa et al.”

“…is that in regulating an existing or ongoing emotional response, the PFC system exerts a top-down inhibitory effect on amygdala response (Banks et al., 2007); whereas in anticipating how a stimulus might feel, strengthened amygdala-frontal coupling reflects an enhanced cognitive effect…”

“In contrast to the fMRI literature [10-16] we did not find any significant differences between emotional induction condition and emotion regulation condition.”

“The increased coupling of the amygdala with the prefrontal regions is typically present during active regulation and consequently may alleviate emotional distress [30, 31].”

“…of cognitive strategies showed that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex, including DLPFC, covaried with amygdala activity, and that functional connectivity between these regions was dependent on applying cognitive strategies in the regulation of negative emotion [Banks et al., 2007].”

“…(ELTs), which propose to integrate results from multiple basic classifiers by using voting (Lam and Suen, 1997; Ruta and Gabrys, 2005), bagging (Breiman, 1996), stacking (Wolpert, 1992), or boosting (Johnston et al., 2014; Schapire, 1990a; Yoav Freund and Schapire, 1997) strategies, have been…”

“In this study, we replicated prior findings of robust inverse DLPFC amygdala connectivity among healthy controls and the absence thereof in this circuit among the MDD group [Banks et al., 2007; Dannlowski et al., 2007].”

“By contrast, deliberate 15 control of empathy for physical pain (PPobj > PPemp) did not result in decreased activity in 16 any brain regions, and resulted in increased activity in bilateral anterior insula, dorsal and 17 anterior ACC, right OFC, and right TPJ (Figure 6B; Table 5).”

“…such as appraisal and suppression have repeatedly been shown to be associated with amygdala–OFC interactions (Schaefer et al. 2002; Urry et al. 2006), and evidence indicates that the extent of the functional coupling between these regions predicts successful emotion modulation (Banks et al. 2007).”

“Next, they rated the impact of negative arousal and valence.”

“Precisely, the strength of coupling between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex was predictive of successful emotional regulation, pointing to significance and functionality of this connection.(36)”

“Recent reports have described increased connectivity between the amygdala and the dorsomedial, orbitolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices during willful emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Wager et al., 2008).”

“Our primary outcome measure was right amygdalamedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functional connectivity, because this is a key emotion-related circuit (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012) in which functional connectivity relates to individual differences in heart rate variability (Sakaki et al.”

“The exploratory analysis additionally identified several other regions: the insula, orbitofrontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, and superior frontal gyrus, that are known to be strongly associated with autonomic regulation, emotion regulation, and cognitive functions associated with emotion regulation such as risk-assess…”

“…delta-beta CFC is commonly interpreted to reflect subcortical-cortical crosstalk (Schutter et al., 2006), and is also present during efficient emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007), one could suggest that both LSA and HSA participants efficiently regulated their anxiety during all conditions.”

“In adults, alterations of this circuitry is linked to anxiety (e.g., Casey and Lee, 2015) and emotion regulation (e.g., Banks et al., 2007; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”

“The dlPFC has also been well established in emotion-regulating processes (Banks et al. 2007; Golkar et al. 2012; Etkin et al. 2015), and it has been proposed this region acts”

“2001), and emotion regulation (Banks et al. 2007; Rilling et al. 2007; Ruocco et al. 2013).”

“For example, Banks and colleagues found amygdala–OFC coupling in adults during a reappraisal task, and that the strength of this coupling predicted successful emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”

“Due to these restrictions a blocked design has been already used in previous studies investigating emotion regulation processes (Banks et al., 2007; Bebko et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2012).”

“…group shows smaller reliable activation primarily in cortical regions involved in modulation of pain as well as attention, including lateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus and supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) (Bishop et al., 2004; Banks et al., 2007; Schiller et al., 2008).”

“In line with that, it may be conjectured that the activations at higher frequency components reflect emotion regulation [68]–[70].”

“In the area of emotion analysis, specifically, the prefrontal cortex is thought to exert influence onto other frontal and limbic regions involved in emotion processing [52]–[55].”

“Connectivity within fronto-limbic brain circuitry has been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of emotion (Banks et al. 2007; Etkin et al. 2011).”

“Decreases in amygdala activity during reappraisal are associated with increased connectivity between the amygdala and both the OFC and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) (Banks et al., 2007).”

“, dorsolateral, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; anterior cingulate cortex; [5]) to examine their relationship with the amygdala and ability to predict CBT success.”

“…of attentional processes linked to regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are important in the regulation of Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 February 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 47 negative affect (e.g., Banks et al., 2007; Hare et al., 2008; review by Graham and Milad, 2013).”

“The different attribution styles might have contributed to the partly different connectivity patterns in the reappraisal study by Banks et al. (2007) and our placebo study on affect regulation.”

“Although such patterns have not previously been reported for habituation, some prior work in explicit emotion regulation (via cognitive reappraisal) has shown that increasing connectivity between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala and dorsomedial PFC when reappraising relative to responding naturally is as…”

“, 2009), and may integrate information pertinent to negative affect received from the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007) with information relevant to current context and past experiences from the lateral PFC (Rolls, 2008).”

“For example, the child learns to demand from itself to block aggressive emotions from arising, and has the capacity to influence its own electrochemical processes in the brain (see Banks et al. 2007).”

“Supporting this assertion, it was found by Banks et al. (2007) that the frontolimbic coupling may be a predictor of the successful top-down cognitive modulation of the negative affect.”

“Although the direction of the association between the vmPFC and amygdala cannot be conclusively determined on the basis of PPI alone (Friston et al., 1997; Banks et al., 2007), vmPFC inhibition of the amygdala is of considerable significance for translational neuroscience.”

“The right dlPFC was selected for study because it is a primary prefrontal region that shows activation during emotion regulation (Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Buhle et al. 2014), and because women with PMDD exhibit differences in dlPFC function bilaterally as compared with control women, albeit not during em…”

“…regulation of amygdala activity by the vmPFC (Kim et al. 2003; Urry et al. 2006; Ganella et al. 2017) and has generally been associated with better outcomes such as effective emotion regulation and lower levels of internalizing symptoms (Banks et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2011; Gee et al. 2013a, 2013b).”

“Interestingly, our data suggest that it is the mPFC regions that relate to the peer-presence effect and not the lateral (including dorsolateral) PFC regions as suggested by many researchers (Banks et al., 2007; Blair et al., 2007; Steinberg, 2007).”

“It was previously found that vlPFC recruitment and attenuated amygdala reactivity during negative emotion reappraisal was paralleled by increased amygdala–vlPFC FC (Banks et al, 2007).”

“Moreover, convergent evidence showed that decreased cognitive control and emotion dysregulation frequently occur together indepressedindividuals,whichmay be attributed toabnor-mal activities in the dlPFC, the dmPFC, and the ACC (Banks et al. , 2007; Berboth & Morawetz, 2021).”

“…of negative affect appears to activate a distributed network of structures which includes areas of the frontal cortex (orbitofrontal and dorsomedial PFC), anterior cingulate, and amygdala (Levesque et al., 2003; Phan et al., 2005; Banks et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2008; Kross et al., 2008).”

“, attenuates amygdala reactivity) (Banks et al., 2007; Eippert et al., 2007; Frank et al., 2014; Ochsner et al., 2012) along with reports of inefficient or impoverished ACC activity during regulation in SAD (Goldin et al.”

“A possible example is amygdala connectivity, which has been shown to differ with sexual orientation (Savic & Lindstrom, 2008) and also plays a role in regulating emotion ( Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005).”

“However, no group differences were visible during the regulation condition in the amygdala (associated with bottom up processing) or dlPFC [associated with top-down control processes (Banks et al., 2007; Kalisch, 2009; Ochsner et al., 2012)].”

“…with GM volume in the right hippocampus/ amygdala and the left OFC, all of which have been demonstrated as critical components within the neural circuitry of emotion regulation (Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Banks et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2008; Wager et al., 2008; Hartley and Phelps, 2009).”

“Functional connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC is important for successful emotion regulation [Banks et al., 2007; Motzkin et al, 2015; Morawetz et al, 2017], especially regulation of negative emotions [Urry et al, 2006].”

“The frontal pole is also implicated in the process of updating existing emotional memories([43]), and its connection with the amygdala is associated with the self-regulation of negative emotion through reappraisal([44]).”

“Previous resting-state studies (Banks et al., 2007; Johnstone et al., 2007; Uchida et al., 2015) demonstrated an association between the amygdala and major nodes (PCC and medial PFC) of the default mode network (DMN) and suggested an important role for these regions in emotion regulation.”

“…stimuli, which is in turn associated with attenuation of limbic-amygdala responses (Hariri et al., 2000; Taylor et al., 2003; Etkin et al., 2006; Banks et al., 2007), the connectivity profile we observed may be reflective of an ineffective attempt at top-down control necessary for extinction…”