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Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alcohol disrupts functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—regions critical for emotion regulation, behavioral inhibition, and social cognition (Harenski And Hamann 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Prater et al. 2013).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Banks et al. 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies in humans show an inverse relationship between the amygdala and multiple PFC regions including vmPFC,45,46 vlPFC,32,47,48 dmPFC,23,34,49–54 and dlPFC.25,34”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Reciprocal connections between the BLA and mPFC are important for fear extinction, fear discrimination, and other processes requiring the resolution of conflicting information (47–50), and dendritic hypotrophy in mPFC neurons has been linked to stress and alcohol-related deficits in fear extinction (51,52).”
From Chronic Stress Remodels Synapses in an Amygdala Circuit-Specific Manner (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
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Citations
Cites
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“This is broadly consistent with the role of these regions in cognitive inhibition/control and executive function (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001), processes that are relevant to reappraisal-based affect regulation.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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The verbal nature of worry in generalized anxiety: Insights from the brain
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Distinct neural engagement during implicit and explicit regulation of negative stimuli
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Neural Mechanisms of Emotions and Affect
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ResultEmotion Regulation, Effort and Fatigue: Complex Issues Worth Investigating
Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Oleksy, T., & Wyczesany, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742557 · Cited by 23
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“Increased activation of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has further been associated with attenuated amygdala reactivity during reappraisal-based negative affect down-regulation ( Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry, van Reekum, Johnstone, Kalin…”
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“Furthermore, recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown functional connectivity between the VLPFC and the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Guyer et al., 2008; Tang et al., 2013; Townsend et al., 2013).”
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BackgroundInhibitory Control and Drug Abuse Prevention
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The neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: Dysfunction in the prefrontal-amygdala circuit?
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultTranscutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Improve Emotional State
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“…using rTMS is corroborated by the evidence that its connectivity allows the modulation of the activity of several remote brain structures of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit—including the amygdala—which is known to be dysfunctional in anxiety disorders (Banks et al., 2007; Duval et al., 2015).”
Tackling the Electro-Topography of the Selves Through the Sphere Model of Consciousness
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Ilomäki, M., Lindblom, J., Salmela, V. R., Flykt, M. S., Vänskä, M., Salmi, J., Tolonen, T., Alho, K., Punamäki, R., & Wikman, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.958580 · Cited by 26
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“The amygdala connectivity has been proposed to be involved in critical functions related to depression including modulation of sensory information, generation of emotion experience and emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007; Morawetz et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultNg, H. H., Wu, C. W., Huang, F., Huang, C., Hsu, C., Chao, Y., Jung, T., & Chuang, C. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25168 · Cited by 23
“Although a previous fMRI study has already provided evidence of the frontal cortical regions- amygdala functional connectivity relationship in emotional regulation (Banks et al., 2007), such findings have yet to be replicated in mindfulness practitioners.”
BackgroundPlasma neurofilament light chain in association to late‐life depression in the general population
Schuurmans, I. K., Ghanbari, M., Cecil, C. A. M., Ikram, M. A., & Luik, A. I. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13608 · Cited by 22
“34 Also, neuroaxonal damage is linked to preclinical changes in cognition and ultimately dementia risk, 12,13 which may contribute to the development of incident depressive events, for example through reduced engagement in leisure activities.”
BackgroundFunctional connectivity of resting-state, working memory and inhibition networks in perceived stress
Archer, J. A., Lee, A., Qiu, A., & Chen, S. A. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.01.002 · Cited by 21
Klahn, A. L., Klinkenberg, I. A. G., Lueken, U., Notzon, S., Arolt, V., Pantev, C., Zwanzger, P., & Junghoefer, M. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.013 · Cited by 21
“…attention and attention allocation, as well as with sensory encoding of motivationally relevant information, especially as being part of the dorsal visual processing stream and strongly connected to limbic and frontal systems (Bayle and Taylor, 2010; Bradley, 2009; Morecraft et al., 1993).”
BackgroundStructural and Functional Amygdala Abnormalities in Hemifacial Spasm
Xu, H., Guo, C., Li, H., Gao, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00393 · Cited by 22
“Another finding in our study was altered right amygdaladriven connections to several emotion-related brain areas, such as bilateral mPFC and bilateral OFC in patients with HFS compared to healthy controls, which was in accordance with previous fMRI results (28).”
ResultBinder, A. S., Brown, H. R., & Harvey, E. A. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00616-4 · Cited by 22
“tions generated by the limbic system (Banks et al. 2007).”
Graph Theoretic Analysis Reveals Intranasal Oxytocin Induced Network Changes Over Frontal Regions
Zheng, S., Punia, D., Wu, H., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.018 · Cited by 20
Grecucci, A., Sulpizio, S., Tommasello, E., Vespignani, F., & Job, R. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209461 · Cited by 22
Alexithymia and frontal–amygdala functional connectivity in North Korean refugees
Kim, N., Park, I., Lee, Y. J., Jeon, S., Kim, S., Lee, K. H., Park, J., Kim, H.-K., Gwak, A. R., Jun, J. Y., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000175 · Cited by 24
“This is somewhat consistent with previous findings showing that the left amygdala is a key region in the generation and processing of emotion (Banks et al., 2007), especially cognitive representations of fear (Phelps et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPerceived stress modulates the activity between the amygdala and the cortex
Caetano, I., Ferreira, S., Coelho, A., Amorim, L., Castanho, T. C., Portugal‐Nunes, C., Soares, J. M., Gonçalves, N., Sousa, R., Reis, J. S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01780-8 · Cited by 22
Ghomroudi, P. A., Scaltritti, M., & Grecucci, A. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01076-6 · Cited by 22
“In fact, a few studies suggest it plays a role in cognitive control functions that are critical for reappraisal, such as inhibition (Ochsner et al., 2004; Banks et al., 2007; Kanske et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNeurociencia afectiva del TDAH: Datos existentes y direcciones futuras
López‐Martín, S., Albert, J., Fernández‐Jaén, A., & Carretié, L. (2010) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i2.13338 · Cited by 20
La régulation des émotions au cours du vieillissement normal
Vieillard, S., & Harm, J. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s000350331301405x · Cited by 27
A preoperative metabolic marker of parkinsonian apathy following subthalamic nucleus stimulation
Gesquière‐Dando, A., Guedj, É., Loundou, A., Carron, R., Witjas, T., Fluchère, F., Delfini, M., Mundler, L., Régis, J. M., Azulay, J., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26349 · Cited by 21
Habitual suppression relates to difficulty in regulating emotion with cognitive reappraisal.
Che, X.-W., Luo, X., Tong, D., Fitzgibbon, B., & Yang, J. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.09.011 · Cited by 22
Outhred, T., Das, P., Dobson‐Stone, C., Felmingham, K. L., Bryant, R. A., Nathan, P. J., Malhi, G. S., & Kemp, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.019 · Cited by 21
“…‘L’ alleles were associated with a negative L amygdala-R IFG functional connectivity during reappraisal with escitalopram, which may reflect regulation of amygdala responses during processing of negative stimuli (Aron et al., 2004; Banks et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2008; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAustin, A., Jiga‐Boy, G. M., Rea, S., Newstead, S., Roderick, S., Davis, N. J., Clement, R. M., & Boy, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00315 · Cited by 20
“Introduction One function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is to continuously appraise the emotional content of daily-life situations, and to rapidly regulate oriented responses (Levesque et al., 2003, Banks et al., 2007).”
An endocannabinoid receptor polymorphism modulates affective processing under stress
Wirz, L., Reuter, M., Felten, A., & Schwabe, L. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy083 · Cited by 23
“In particular, we predicted that in response to the stress manipulation, AA/AG compared to GG genotype carriers would show reduced amygdala activity and increased activity in prefrontal areas that are implicated in emotion regulation (Urry et al., 2006; Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultSoloff, P. H., Chowdury, A., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.050 · Cited by 21
“Diminished functional connectivity between amygdala and frontal regulatory structures in BPD varies with the emotional valence of stimuli (Banks et al. 2007; Cullen et al. 2011; New et al., 2007; Soloff et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundLiu, S., Yin, N., Ma, R., Cao, H., Jing, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, J., Wu, Y. F., Feng, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1813130 · Cited by 21
“However, the successful control of negative emotion depended on the capacity to modulate emotion responses by different cognitive strategies for emotion regulation [35].”
BackgroundTime course of threat responding in panic disorder and depression
Gorka, S. M., Liu, H., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.005 · Cited by 22
“For example, the former may reflect initial stimulus processing, while the latter may reflect inhibitory processes (Banks et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLeong, W. K., Klarić, T., Lin, Y., Lewis, M. D., & Koblar, S. A. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12163 · Cited by 22
“Animal (Izquierdo & Murray, 2005; Ghashghaei et al., 2007; Hefner et al., 2008) and human (Phan et al., 2002; Banks et al., 2007; Siegle et al., 2007) data have demonstrated that reciprocal functional connectivity within the amygdala-frontal circuitry is pivotal in the regulation of cognitive and…”
BackgroundFacilitation of emotion regulation with a single dose of escitalopram: A randomized fMRI study
Outhred, T., Das, P., Felmingham, K. L., Bryant, R. A., Nathan, P. J., Malhi, G. S., & Kemp, A. H. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.018 · Cited by 24
“(Gross, 1998; Gross and Thompson, 2007), thereby impacting two interacting, functionally connected neural systems involved in emotion generation and its control (Aron et al., 2004; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Banks et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationVijayakumar, N., Allen, N. B., Dennison, M., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., & Whittle, S. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.051 · Cited by 20
“Past neuroimaging studies have revealed functional coupling between these regions when processing affective stimuli (Banks et al., 2007; Kanske et al., 2011; McRae et al., 2010; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Ochsner et al., 2004) and functional connectivity during resting-state (Roy et al.”
BackgroundAnti-Bullying Laws and Suicidal Behaviors among Teenagers
Rees, D., Sabia, J. J., & Kumpas, G. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26777 · Cited by 21
Allegretta, R. A., Rovelli, K., & Balconi, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12151491 · Cited by 27
“Additionally, mindfulness training has been found to increase gamma band activity, reflecting improved emotional regulation [53] and, conversely, individuals with a greater capacity for cognitive restructuring after emotionally charged feedback and emotion regulation exhibit higher gamma activity…”
BackgroundParcellation of the human orbitofrontal cortex based on gray matter volume covariance
Liu, H., Qin, W., Qi, H., Jiang, T., & Yu, C.-S. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22645 · Cited by 19
“Besides, the OFCp showed the strongest GMV correlation with Amyg and TP, which is consistent with a previously reported anatomical connection [Olson et al., 2007; Price et al., 1991; Rolls, 2004] and functional association [Banks et al., 2007; Ochsner et al., 2004] between these regions.”
BackgroundResultLeveraging neuroscience for smarter approaches to workplace intelligence
Becker, W. J., Volk, S., & Ward, M. K. (2014) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.09.008 · Cited by 25
Zahid, Z., McMahon, L., & Lynch, M. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1779154 · Cited by 19
“associated with more effective emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialBounoua, N., Miglin, R., Spielberg, J. M., Johnson, C. L., & Sadeh, N. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004468 · Cited by 22
Marriage Equality Laws and Youth Mental Health
Anderson, D. M., Matsuzawa, K., & Sabia, J. J. (2021) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/711128 · Cited by 21
Emotion Regulation in Childhood Anxiety
Jacob, M. L., Thomassin, K., Morelen, D. M., & Suveg, C. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7784-7_12 · Cited by 20
Neural Basis of Anticipatory Anxiety Reappraisals
Yoshimura, S., Okamoto, Y., Yoshino, A., Kobayakawa, M., Machino, A., & Yamawaki, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102836 · Cited by 20
“This pattern of activation is consistent with those found in previous emotion regulation studies [8,12,26–29].”
ResultSupport from Neurobiology for Spiritual Techniques for Anxiety: A Brief Review
Mayo, K. R. (2010) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854720903451055 · Cited by 20
“Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, and Phan ( 2007 ) in turn speculate that the prefrontal cortex has a top-down inhibitory effect on the amygdala.”
BackgroundPallanti, S., & Hollander, E. (2013) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000618 · Cited by 21
Tahmasian, M., Rochhausen, L., Maier, F., Williamson, K. L., Drzezga, A. E., Timmermann, L., van Eimeren, T., & Eggers, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00317 · Cited by 20
Lithari, C. D., Moratti, S., & Weisz, N. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29220 · Cited by 20
“Stronger connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex predicts effective emotion regulation and lower levels of anxiety 10,11 .”
Santomauro, D. F., Sheffield, J. K., & Sofronoff, K. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2016.1236240 · Cited by 23
Lopez, K. C., Luby, J. L., Belden, A. C., & Barch, D. M. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0564-x · Cited by 24
Lischke, A., Weippert, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Päschke, S., Jacksteit, R., Hamm, A. O., & Pahnke, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.01040 · Cited by 23
“increased coupling of these brain regions in the context of reappraisal use (Ochsner et al., 2002; Banks et al., 2007; Morawetz et al., 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 303-312
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2566753
- OpenAlex
- W2146828510
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH076198, K23MH076198)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, negative affect, amygdala reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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