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Amygdala–frontal connectivity during emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Alcohol disrupts functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal areas—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—regions critical for emotion regulation, behavioral inhibition, and social cognition (Harenski And Hamann 2006; Banks et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Prater et al. 2013).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Banks et al. 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“neuroimaging studies in humans show an inverse relationship between the amygdala and multiple PFC regions including vmPFC,45,46 vlPFC,32,47,48 dmPFC,23,34,49–54 and dlPFC.25,34”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Reciprocal connections between the BLA and mPFC are important for fear extinction, fear discrimination, and other processes requiring the resolution of conflicting information (47–50), and dendritic hypotrophy in mPFC neurons has been linked to stress and alcohol-related deficits in fear extinction (51,52).”
From Chronic Stress Remodels Synapses in an Amygdala Circuit-Specific Manner (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“specifically prefrontal down-regulation of amygdala activity has been associated with the attenuation of negative affect during emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007).”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that the interaction between prefrontal structures and the amygdala is critical to emotion regulation”
From Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study (2014) · cites this paper as Banks et al., 2007
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Cites
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Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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“The hippocampus regulates affective states and shares strong reciprocal connectivity with the amygdala, a key structure in emotion perception [77], emotional signi fi cance processing [78], emotional regulation [79] and salience evaluation [80].”
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Multisensory Representation of Air Pollution in Virtual Reality: Lessons from Visual Representation
Pochwatko, G., Świdrak, J., Kopeć, W., Jędrzejewski, Z., Feledyn, A., Vogt, M., Castell, N., & Zagórska, K. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11432-8_24 · Cited by 9
Ecological validity in measuring parents’ executive function
Diercks, C. M., Gunther, K. E., Teti, D. M., & Lunkenheimer, E. S. (2022) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12464 · Cited by 11
Lee, M. H., Lee, K. H., Oh, S. M., Seo, M. C., Lee, H., Jeon, J. E., & Lee, Y. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22652-9 · Cited by 9
Positive future thinking without task-relevance increases anxiety and frontal stress regulation
Montijn, N. D., Gerritsen, L., Son, D. V., & Engelhard, I. M. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108620 · Cited by 13
Yıldız, R. (2023) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2023.11174 · Cited by 9
“[6,7] These regions are areas where cognitive functions such as re-evaluation of emotions are made.[8-10]”
BackgroundKjærstad, H. L., Rotenberg, L. D. S., Macoveanu, J., Coello, K., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Bjertrup, A. J., Knudsen, G. M., Fisher, P. M., Vinberg, M., Kessing, L. V., et al. (2024) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13444 · Cited by 12
“During fMRI data acquisition, participants performed a well-established fMRI task 32,33 assessing reactivity to – and regulation of – emotion to neutral and negative images from The International Affective Picture System (IAPS ), 34 which has previously been shown to activate emotion processing and…”
EEG-enabled Affective Human-Computer Interfaces
Sourina, O., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07437-5_51 · Cited by 9
“For example, the parietal lobe is proved to strongly interact with frontal cortex [19], and the amygdale co-activation of parietal cortex during emotion regulation is found in [20].”
BackgroundBratec, S. M., Xie, X., Wang, Y., Schilbach, L., Zimmer, C., Wohlschläger, A. M., Riedl, V., & Sorg, C. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.078 · Cited by 9
Widespread Morphometric Abnormalities in Major Depression
Fu, C. H. Y., Yong Fan, A., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2019) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2019.09.008 · Cited by 9
Amygdala response to emotional faces in adolescents with persistent post-concussion symptoms
Bohorquez‐Montoya, L., España, L. Y., Nader, A. M., Furger, R. E., Mayer, A. R., & Meier, T. B. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102217 · Cited by 13
Doppelhofer, L. M., Hurlemann, R., Bach, D. R., & Korn, C. W. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108016 · Cited by 8
Bakalash, T., & Riemer, H. (2021) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2021.1973621 · Cited by 9
Pugh, Z. H., Huang, J., Leshin, J. C., Lindquist, K. A., & Nam, C. S. (2022) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-022-09805-2 · Cited by 13
“…connections with the amygdala (Delgado et al. 2008; Ray and Zald 2012), but it has been implicated in tasks of explicit emotion regulation (Banks et al. 2007; de Greck et al. 2012; Morawetz et al. 2016; Ochsner et al. 2002) and may be involved in recruitment of semantic knowledge during…”
MethodAmygdala fMRI Signal as a Predictor of Reaction Time
Riedel, P., Jacob, M. J., Müller, D. K., Vetter, N. C., Smolka, M. N., & Marxen, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00516 · Cited by 9
“…this study was effortful rather than automatic in nature, a negative coupling of brain regions involved in cognitive control (e.g., the prefrontal cortex) with limbic regions might have caused an attenuation of amygdala neuronal activity (Banks et al., 2007; Gyurak et al., 2011; Gold et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGeissmann, L., Gschwind, L., Schicktanz, N., Deuring, G., Rosburg, T., Schwegler, K., Gerhards, C., Milnik, A., Pflueger, M. O., Mager, R., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.046 · Cited by 9
“…strongly reacts to emotional stimuli and there is ample evidence that functional interactions of the amygdala with other brain regions are critically implicated in emotion processing upon acute emotional stimuli (Banks et al., 2007; Eippert et al., 2007; Erk et al., 2010; Townsend et al., 2013).”
Xie, Y., Hu, Z., Ma, W., Sang, B., & Wang, M. (2019) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669519831028 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, prior research has identified the association between the activation in dlPFC and effortful emotion regulation strategies (Banks et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodAlbaugh, M. D., Hudziak, J. J., Orr, C., Spechler, P. A., Chaarani, B., Mackey, S., Lepage, C., Fonov, V., Rioux, P., Evans, A. C., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216152 · Cited by 9
“In support of this notion, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of 135 emotion regulation have implicated prefrontal regions in the regulation of amygdalar 136 activity (5-12).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation and Interference by Emotional Distracters
(2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.6.1305 · Cited by 9
Huston, D. (2010) · New Directions for Community Colleges · doi:10.1002/cc.414 · Cited by 9
Hay, R. E., Reynolds, J. E., Grohs, M., Paniukov, D., Giesbrecht, G. F., Letourneau, N., Dewey, D., & Lebel, C. (2019) · doi:10.1101/692335 · Cited by 7
Regional gray matter volume mediates the relationship between neuroticism and depressed emotion
Yang, J., Huangfu, X., Tong, D., & He, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993694 · Cited by 8
“Other studies have found that in the process of negative emotion regulation, especially in the process of top-down regulation, the main role of the dmPFC is to inhibit the activation intensity of some brain regions of the limbic system, such as hippocampus, hypothalamus, and the amygdala, which are related to feeling…”
BackgroundEarly environmental influences on the orbito-frontal cortex function and its effects on behavior
Ruge, O., Hoppe, J. P. M., Molle, R. D., & Silveira, P. P. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106013 · Cited by 12
Zuo, J.-M., & Bai, Y.-B. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03458-6 · Cited by 9
“The neural basis of emotion regulation involves the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), which modulates amygdala activity during reappraisal to temper emotional reactivity [53, 54].”
Chen, B., Huang, Y., Feng, S., Liu, C., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Fong, L. M., Wu, K., & Wu, F. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.02.052 · Cited by 8
Brislin, S. J., Hardee, J. E., Martz, M. E., Cope, L. M., Weigard, A. S., Zucker, R. A., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107882 · Cited by 8
Temperament and neural activation during the affective Stroop task: A functional connectivity study
Dragan, W. Ł., Sokołowski, A., & Folkierska-Żukowska, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111385 · Cited by 8
Emotion regulation during deception: an EEG study of imprisoned fraudsters
Krokoszinski, L., & Hosser, D. (2016) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-02-2016-0005 · Cited by 8
Reflective function: A move to the level of concern
Benbassat, N. (2020) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354320934182 · Cited by 9
“The degree of connectivity between the activity in the amygdala and in the specific areas of the frontal cortex has been found to correlate with the effectiveness of regulation processes (Banks et al., 2007; Ochsner & Gross, 2005).”
MethodSickness and sleep health predict frustration and affective responses to a frustrating trigger
Balter, L., Sundelin, T., & Axelsson, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80461-4 · Cited by 6
Riddle, J., Rubinow, D. R., Girdler, S. S., & Frӧhlich, F. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108061 · Cited by 8
Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise
Ask, T. F., Sütterlin, S., Knox, B. J., & Lugo, R. G. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_1 · Cited by 8
Mothers’ Attachment Representations and Children’s Brain Structure
Fitter, M., Stern, J. A., Straske, M. D., Allard, T. L., Cassidy, J. A., & Riggins, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.740195 · Cited by 19
Tanev, T. K., & Lekova, A. K. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00910-0 · Cited by 8
Using arterial spin labeling to examine mood states in youth
Mikita, N., Mehta, M. A., Zelaya, F. O., & Stringaris, A. K. (2015) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.339 · Cited by 9
“Interestingly however, healthy adults show significant functional coupling between the left amygdala and both the dlPFC and sgACC during emotion regulation (reappraisal of negative emotion; Banks et al. 2007).”
BackgroundHsu, C.-W., & Goh, J. O. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00275 · Cited by 8
“Responses during the Emotion task were the smallest in magnitude relative to the other two tasks and significance of responses relative to baseline were largely due to the smaller variability of Emotion task neural responses across participants.”
The time course of responding to aversiveness in females with a history of non-suicidal self-injury
Funkhouser, C. J., Correa, K. A., Carrillo, V. L., Klemballa, D. M., & Shankman, S. A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.04.008 · Cited by 8
“, the slope of responding over time) may reflect one’s ability to inhibit reactions to the stimuli over time (Banks et al., 2007; Phan et al., 2005).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, S. J., Eddy, K. T., Angstadt, M., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 303-312
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2566753
- OpenAlex
- W2146828510
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 10.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH076198, K23MH076198)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, negative affect, amygdala reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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