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Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner’s face
Open accessAbstract
The hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) has been identified as a key modulator of pair-bonding in men, but its effects in women are still elusive. Moreover, there is substantial evidence that hormonal contraception (HC) influences partner preferences and sexual satisfaction, which constitute core domains of OXT function. We thus hypothesized that OXT effects on partner-related behavioral and neural responses could be significantly altered in women using HC. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study involving 40 pair-bonded women, 21 of whom were using HC, we investigated whether a 24-IU nasal dose of OXT would modulate brain reward responses evoked by the romantic partner's face relative to the faces of familiar and unfamiliar people. Treatment with OXT increased the perceived attractiveness of the partner relative to other men, which was paralleled by elevated responses in reward-associated regions, including the nucleus accumbens. These effects of OXT were absent in women using HC. Our results confirm and extend previous findings in men that OXT interacts with the brain reward system to reinforce partner value representations, indicating a common OXT-dependent mechanism underlying partner attraction in both sexes. This mechanism may be disturbed in women using HC, suggesting that gonadal steroids could alter partner-specific OXT effects.
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TL;DR
In 40 pair-bonded women, intranasal oxytocin increased the perceived attractiveness of the partner and partner-specific nucleus accumbens/ventral tegmental area responses in freely cycling women, but not in women using hormonal contraception. The findings suggest hormonal contraceptives may suppress oxytocin’s partner-specific reward effects.
Key findings
- Oxytocin (24 IU) enhanced the positive attractiveness bias for the partner in freely cycling women (t(16) = 2.56, P = 0.02, d = 0.37) but not in women using hormonal contraception (t(16) = 0.66, P = 0.52, d = 0.11); the repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect of treatment (F(1,32) = 5.53, P = 0.03, η² = 0.15), no main effect of HC (F(1,32) = 0.07, P = 0.79), and a non-significant treatment × HC interaction (F(1,32) = 2.18, P = 0.15).
- Oxytocin increased partner-specific NAcc and VTA responses in freely cycling women (NAcc left t(136) = 3.60, P_FWE < 0.01; right t(136) = 3.68, P_FWE < 0.01; VTA left t(136) = 3.71, P_FWE < 0.01; right t(136) = 4.06, P_FWE < 0.01), and this effect was significantly stronger than in women using HC (NAcc left t(37) = 3.20, P_FWE = 0.04; right t(37) = 4.32, P_FWE < 0.01; VTA left t(37) = 3.24, P_FWE = 0.04; right t(37) = 3.12, P_FWE = 0.057).
- Baseline endogenous oxytocin concentrations positively correlated with partner-specific striatal responses across all women, including left NAcc (t(36) = 3.50, P_FWE = 0.03) and right NAcc (t(36) = 3.48, P_FWE = 0.03); there was no main effect of HC and no significant group difference in the partner-specific contrast [Partner_PLC > Familiar_PLC].
- Oxytocin increased bilateral precuneus activity across all stimuli (left t(38) = 3.94 and 3.76, P_FWE < 0.01; right t(38) = 4.01 and 3.99, P_FWE = 0.03), with no significant deactivations under oxytocin compared with placebo.
Methods
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject randomized fMRI study of 40 healthy right-handed adult women (mean age 24.38 ± 3.26 years), 21 using hormonal contraception and 19 not using HC; all were in a heterosexual romantic relationship (mean duration 33.58 ± 28.09 months).
- Participants received intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) or placebo 30 min before fMRI and passively viewed photographs of their partner, matched unknown men, a familiar woman, and matched unknown women; after scanning they rated all photographs for attractiveness and arousal, and saliva samples were collected before spray administration and after the experiment.
- fMRI data were analyzed with SPM8; whole-brain analyses used P < 0.05 FWE-corrected, and region-of-interest analyses used 10-mm-radius masks for NAcc and VTA with P < 0.05 FWE-corrected; a flexible factorial model included treatment (OXT vs PLC) and bond (partner, unfamiliar, familiar) factors.
Limitations
- The paper states that the sample size did not allow differentiation between different types or generations of hormonal contraception, that women were not tested during ovulation, that exploratory menstrual-cycle-phase analyses were limited by small subgroup sizes, and that the interval between treatment sessions was not constant (minimum 1 day, maximum 127 days/4 months).
- The paper notes that the behavioral treatment × HC interaction did not reach significance, suggesting larger samples may be needed to detect behavioral partner-specific oxytocin effects in women using HC.
- Evident from the text: fMRI data were unavailable for one subject in the no-HC group and behavioral data were unavailable for three participants in each group; the study used an acute single-dose oxytocin design, so it cannot directly address chronic mechanisms or long-term consequences of HC use.
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Claims the paper makes
40 Own result · 14 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 11 No full text of the sources · 4 Supported · 4 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, HC use alters women's pair-bonding behavior, evident in decreased attractiveness ratings of masculine faces (Little et al., 2013), reduced neural response to the expectation of erotic stimuli (Abler et al., 2013), a preference shift towards olfactory cues of genetic similarity (Roberts et al., 2008) and increased sexual jealousy (Geary et al., 2001).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Little et al., 2013 source
- Supportedcites Abler et al., 2013 source
The Results (section 2, fMRI Results: Group Comparisons; page unavailable) report significantly greater activation during expectation of erotic pictures in women not taking oral contraceptives than in those taking them. This supports the specific finding for which Abler et al. is cited: reduced neural response to expected erotic stimuli. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Roberts et al., 2008 source
The Abstract reports a significant shift toward MHC-similar odours after women initiated pill use, a shift not seen in non-users. The Discussion likewise describes ratings shifting in favour of MHC similarity. This supports the specific preference shift for which Roberts et al. is cited. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Importantly, OXT did not alter the positive bias for the familiar person (all Ps > 0.56, cf. Figure 1), suggesting that, in line with our previous findings in men (Scheele et al., 2013), OXT specifically influenced perception related to pair-bonding.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Scheele et al., 2013 source
The Results (page not provided) state that OXT enhanced the positive partner bias but did not alter the positive bias for familiar versus unfamiliar women. The Discussion describes a specific effect on pair-bond-related behavioral ratings, supporting the comparison attributed to Scheele et al. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) has been identified as a key modulator of pair-bonding in men, but its effects in women are still elusive.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) is a key factor modulating pair-bonding behaviors (Young and Wang, 2004;Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Young and Wang, 2004 source
- Supportedcites Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016 source
In “Oxytocin and Romantic Attachment,” the review reports that intranasal oxytocin altered responses to romantic partners in pair-bonded men. “Translational Implications” explicitly describes oxytocin as a key modulator of human pair bonding. The review also says that effects on the processing of partner stimuli in women had not yet been studied. Page numbers were not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In fact, a comparison of the OXT effects in women with our previous data obtained in men (Scheele et al., 2013) showed that the OXTinduced augmentation of partner-specific responses in the NAcc (left: À9, 2, 1, t (39) ¼ 3.22, P FWE ¼ 0.04 and À15, 11, À2, t (39) ¼ 3.19, P FWE ¼ 0.04; right: 18, 8, À2, t (39) ¼ 4.35, P FWE < 0.01) was significantly stronger in men than in women who used HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > D. Scheele et al. | 769
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Scheele et al., 2013 source
The citation identifies the previous data obtained in men, not the citing authors’ subsequent comparison with women using hormonal contraception. The Results report that oxytocin enhanced partner-specific nucleus accumbens responses in the male participants. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Importantly, OXT did not alter the positive bias for the familiar person (all Ps > 0.56, cf. Figure 1), suggesting that, in line with our previous findings in men (Scheele et al., 2013), OXT specifically influenced perception related to pair-bonding.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Scheele et al., 2013 source
The Discussion describes a specific OXT effect on pair-bond-related behavioral ratings and neural responses. It reports that OXT increased men's positive ratings of their female partner's face, while having no effect on the positive bias toward familiar versus unfamiliar women. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As such, it seems likely that the increased incidence for major depression, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (Keyes et al., 2014), as well as the substantially increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (Mostofsky et al., 2012) linked to bereavement and profound grief after the loss of a partner, are also at least partially mediated by a”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Keyes et al., 2014 source
The Abstract Results and Discussion report increased incidence of major depression, panic disorder, and PTSD following the unexpected death of a loved one—the finding for which Keyes et al. is cited. The proposed OXT mediation is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to Keyes et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Mostofsky et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a 21.1-fold increase in acute myocardial infarction onset within 24 hours of the death of a significant person. The Discussion says none of the participants who lost a spouse did so within the day before MI onset, so the study does not establish that acute increase specifically after the loss of a partner. The citing sentence attributes the depression and other psychiatric-disorder claim to Keyes et al.; its proposed mediation is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to Mostofsky et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, baseline serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were significantly higher in freely cycling women than in women using HC (cf. Supplementary Table S2).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, on the wholebrain level, we detected positive correlations between baseline endogenous OXT concentrations and partner-specific neural responses [Partner PLC > Familiar PLC ] in the left (peak MNI x, y, z: À24, 14, À8, t (36) ¼ 4.81 and À21, À7, À8, t (36) ¼ 4.03, k ¼ 302, P FWE < 0.01) and right (30, 5, À11, t (36) ¼ 3.95 and 39, 11, À11, t (36) ¼ 3.69, k ¼ 212, P FWE ¼ 0.02) lentif”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when we conducted the analysis separately for freely cycling women and women using HC, we observed that OXT elicited stronger activations in the bilateral NAcc ROI (left: À6, À4, À8, t (136) ¼ 3.60, P FWE < 0.01; right: 6, À1, À11, t (136) ¼ 3.68, P FWE < 0.01, and 15, 2, À11, t (136) ¼ 2.99, P FWE ¼ 0.04) and VTA ROI (left: À6, À4, À11, t (136) ¼ 3.71, P FWE < 0.01; right: 6, À4, À11, t”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > D. Scheele et al. | 769
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment with OXT increased the perceived attractiveness of the partner relative to other men, which was paralleled by elevated responses in reward-associated regions, including the nucleus accumbens.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The intranasal administration of OXT selectively enhanced attractiveness ratings of the partners relative to other men.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
plaindirectn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, there was a trend for a positive correlation between baseline endogenous OXT concentrations and the OXT effect on the attractiveness-based positive partner bias in women using HC (r ¼ 0.44, P ¼ 0.08), but not in freely cycling women (r ¼ 0.31, P ¼ 0.23).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This behavioral effect of OXT was paralleled by increased NAcc and VTA responses, suggesting that OXT interacts with the brain reward system to reinforce partner value representations.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment with OXT increased the perceived attractiveness of the partner relative to other men, which was paralleled by elevated responses in reward-associated regions, including the nucleus accumbens.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intranasal administration of OXT selectively enhanced attractiveness ratings of the partners relative to other men.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between peripheral OXT concentrations and neural responses to the partner in the NAcc was also comparable between women using and not using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, an exploratory analysis with paired t-tests revealed that OXT enhanced this positive attractiveness bias in freely cycling women (t (16) ¼ 2.56, P ¼ 0.02, d ¼ 0.37, cf. Figure 1), but not in women using HC (t (16) ¼ 0.66, P ¼ 0.52, d ¼ 0.11).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, there was a trend for a positive correlation between baseline endogenous OXT concentrations and the OXT effect on the attractiveness-based positive partner bias in women using HC (r ¼ 0.44, P ¼ 0.08), but not in freely cycling women (r ¼ 0.31, P ¼ 0.23).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, an exploratory analysis with paired t-tests revealed that OXT enhanced this positive attractiveness bias in freely cycling women (t (16) ¼ 2.56, P ¼ 0.02, d ¼ 0.37, cf. Figure 1), but not in women using HC (t (16) ¼ 0.66, P ¼ 0.52, d ¼ 0.11).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Our results indicate that endogenous OXT concentrations at baseline positively predicted striatal responses to the romantic partners' faces in all female participants.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, the OXT effects did not significantly differ between freely cycling women and men.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > D. Scheele et al. | 769
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant OXT effects for the whole sample.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > D. Scheele et al. | 769
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Intriguingly, this OXT-induced activity increase was significantly stronger in freely cycling women than in women using HC both in the NAcc ROI (left: À12, À1, 4, t (37) ¼ 3.20, P FWE ¼ 0.04; right: 18, 8,À5, t (37) ¼ 4.32, P FWE < 0.01 and 15, 2, À11, t (37) ¼ 3.51, P FWE ¼ 0.02, cf. Figure 3A) and VTA ROI (left: À3, À4, À11, t (37) ¼ 3.24, P FWE ¼ 0.04; right: 6, À4, À11, t (37) ¼ 3.12, P FWE ¼”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > D. Scheele et al. | 769
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A ROI-analysis also revealed a similar positive correlation with activation in a striatal cluster including the left (À9, 8, À2, t (36) ¼ 3.50, P FWE ¼ 0.03) and right (15, 11, À5, t (36) ¼ 3.48, P FWE ¼ 0.03) NAcc (cf. Figure 2).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all stimuli, OXT enhanced activity in the left (À15, À55, 46, t (38) ¼ 3.94 and À48, À61, 31, t (38) ¼ 3.76, k ¼ 348, P FWE < 0.01) and right (24, À70, 37, t (38) ¼ 4.01 and 30, À61, 46, t (38) ¼ 3.99, k ¼ 223, P FWE ¼ 0.03) precuneus.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant deactivations under OXT compared with PLC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we observed a trend for stronger effects of OXT in women with higher endogenous baseline OXT levels in the HC group”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Baseline salivary OXT concentrations reflect central OXT levels.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OXT had no effect on the neural response to the familiar person [(Familiar OXT > Control OXT ) > (Familiar PLC > Control PLC )] in women not using HC”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an exploratory analysis, we did not detect a differential OXT effect depending on the menstrual cycle phase (i.e.follicular vs luteal phase)”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed partner-specific OXT effects rather than general familiarity-related effects in women not using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, OXT also increased activations in the bilateral precuneus across all stimulus types in both groups of women.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on the behavioral level the interaction of treatment and HC did not reach significance.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not detect any differences in OXT baseline levels between women using and not using HC”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Baseline salivary OXT concentrations reflect central OXT levels.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we detected significant increases in activity in the bilateral medial frontal gyrus (left: À12, 38, 40, t (160) ¼ 4.10, k ¼ 910, P FWE < 0.01; right: 12, 17, 31, t (160) ¼ 3.99, k ¼ 910, P FWE < 0.01), right superior frontal gyrus (9, 50, 37, t (160) ¼ 3.91, k ¼ 910, P FWE < 0.01) and left NAcc (À18, 5, À8, t (160) ¼ 3.24, P FWE ¼ 0.02) in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“correlations between OXT levels and neural responses were evident in all women.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Baseline salivary OXT concentrations reflect central OXT levels.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OXT effects on responses in the NAcc and VTA to the familiar person were only evident in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not observe any OXT effect on attractiveness or arousal ratings of the familiar person”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also trend significant effects in the right NAcc (18, 8, À8, t (160) ¼ 2.68, P FWE ¼ 0.09) and right VTA (12, À13, À8, t (160) ¼ 2.78, P FWE ¼ 0.08).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline salivary OXT concentrations of all participants irrespective of HC positively correlated with neural response to the partner compared with the familiar person in the left and right striatum”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Baseline salivary OXT concentrations reflect central OXT levels.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it significantly increased the positive partner bias for attractiveness in women not using HC (i.e. the absolute difference in ratings of the male partner versus other non-familiar men).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intranasal administration of OXT yielded no behavioral effect in women using HC”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of intranasal OXT on neural response to the partner's face compared with a familiar person in the bilateral striatum”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“was significantly stronger in women not using HC than in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this OXT effect in the NAcc (left: À18, 5, À8, t (37) ¼ 3.25, P FWE ¼ 0.04; right: 18, 8, À8, t (37) ¼ 3.67, P FWE ¼ 0.01) and VTA (left: À3, À4, À11, t (37) ¼ 3.43, P FWE ¼ 0.03; right: 0, À4, À11, t (37) ¼ 3.29, P FWE ¼ 0.04) was even significantly more pronounced in women using HC than in freely cycling women.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mechanism may be disturbed in women using HC, suggesting that gonadal steroids could alter partner-specific OXT effects.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This mechanism may be disturbed in women using HC, suggesting that gonadal steroids could alter partner-specific OXT effects.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strikingly, however, this mechanism was disturbed in those women using HC, indicating that the partner-specific modulatory effects of OXT are antagonized by gonadal steroids.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results confirm and extend previous findings in men that OXT interacts with the brain reward system to reinforce partner value representations, indicating a common OXT-dependent mechanism underlying partner attraction in both sexes.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“This behavioral effect of OXT was paralleled by increased NAcc and VTA responses, suggesting that OXT interacts with the brain reward system to reinforce partner value representations.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
boosteddirectn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women who used HC and who did not use HC did not differ with regard to sociodemographic variables, baseline neuropsychological performance or relationship characteristics (cf.Supplementary Tables S1 and S3).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Importantly, this differential OXT effect cannot be attributed to a priori differences between women using and not using HC because both groups were comparable regarding demographics and relationship characteristics.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, this differential OXT effect cannot be attributed to a priori differences between women using and not using HC because both groups were comparable regarding demographics and relationship characteristics.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strikingly, however, this mechanism was disturbed in those women using HC, indicating that the partner-specific modulatory effects of OXT are antagonized by gonadal steroids.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Clearly, OXT effects in women may vary as a function of steroid hormones, which influence plasma levels of the peptide (Chiodera et al., 1991), regulate the expression of the OXTR gene (Quinones-Jenab et al., 1997) and affect OXTR function through a non-genomic mechanism (Grazzini et al., 1998).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Introduction
What the sources say
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“appears to be altered in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a mechanism which may significantly contribute to stable pair-bonding in humans”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
- Rests on an assumption: The partner's face is a valid probe for partner value representations in the brain reward system.
In the paper
“Thus, our observation that OXT contributes to pair-bonding behavior in both men and women lends support to the notion that human pair-bonding behavior may have evolved from the evolutionarily older mother-infant bonding (Numan and Young, 2015).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Numan and Young, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample size does not allow us to differentiate between different types (e.g.generations) of HC”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, our observation that OXT contributes to pair-bonding behavior in both men and women lends support to the notion that human pair-bonding behavior may have evolved from the evolutionarily older mother-infant bonding (Numan and Young, 2015).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Numan and Young, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“there are also studies in which OXT has produced social effects in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In line with our own data, these cyclical shifts were found to be diminished in women using HC (Cobey et al., 2013;Little et al., 2013).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study is the first to provide substantial evidence that OXT may contribute to pair-bond behavior in women in a similar manner as in men”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
- Rests on an assumption: The partner's face is a valid probe for partner value representations in the brain reward system.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, baseline endogenous OXT concentrations were associated with stronger striatal responses to the partner in all women, indicating that-irrespective of HC use-OXT is part of the neurobiological mechanism mediating the maintenance of long-term pair-bonds.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present findings, in conjunction with our previous study, indicate that OXT interacts with the brain reward system to reinforce partner value representations in both sexes”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
- Rests on an assumption: The partner's face is a valid probe for partner value representations in the brain reward system.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the acute effects of single-dose administration may differ from the chronic consequences of a long-term treatment such as HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a natural setting, several partner-related activities such as massage (Morhenn et al., 2012) or coitus (Carmichael et al., 1994) elicit the release of OXT”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Morhenn et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmichael et al., 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“OXT altered neural responses to infant crying (Riem et al., 2011)”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Riem et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“this finding resonates well with our hypothesis that OXT induces a self-referential processing bias (Scheele et al., 2014a;Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016), thus increasing the conscious perception of partner value.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scheele et al., 2014a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016 source
In “A Self-Reference Model of Oxytocin,” the authors propose that OXT induces a self-referential processing bias that enables people to represent emotional experiences more consciously. The “Oxytocin and Romantic Attachment” section also reports more favorable perceptions of a partner’s attractiveness under OXT. The cited sentence frames the link to conscious perception of partner value as the citing authors’ hypothesis, not as a finding established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“to reduce arousal induced by the imagination of sexual infidelity (Preckel et al., 2015).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Preckel et al., 2015 source
The Experiment 2 Behavioral results report that oxytocin diminished arousal ratings for imagined sexual infidelity compared with placebo. The Discussion likewise states that oxytocin reduced arousal induced by imagery of sexual infidelity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“infarction (Mostofsky et al., 2012) linked to bereavement and profound grief after the loss of a partner, are also at least partially mediated by a disruption of OXT signaling (Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mostofsky et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a markedly elevated rate of myocardial infarction after the death of a significant person. But the study did not establish that acute infarctions followed the loss of a partner specifically: the Discussion says none of the participants who lost a spouse had done so within the prior day. It also did not measure profound grief. The OXT-signaling mechanism is attributed to a different citation in the citing sentence, not to Mostofsky et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Oxytocin and Social Attachment in Nonhuman Species,” the paper suggests that reduced OXT signaling after partner loss contributes to anxiety and depression in voles. Its “Translational Implications” section discusses human grief but does not link OXT disruption to infarction after bereavement. The proposed mediation of infarction is therefore unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Given that the precuneus is heavily implicated in mediating interoceptive awareness and consciousness (Lou et al., 2004)”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Lou et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links the precuneus and medial parietal region to explicit self-representation, reflective self-awareness, and conscious self-monitoring. It does not address interoceptive awareness or bodily signals, so that part of the claim is unsupported. The paper’s account of consciousness is also more specifically about self-referential awareness than consciousness generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we observed that OXT had no effect on vital signs (cf.Supplementary Materials) or mood and anxiety ratings (cf. Supplementary Table S4).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no main effect of HC and we observed no significant differences between freely cycling women and women using HC in the partner-specific contrast [Partner PLC > Familiar PLC ].”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects of OXT were absent in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Abstract
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since none of the women were tested during ovulation, the concentrations of the follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones were similar in both groups.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, the partner-related effects of elevated OXT concentrations following nasal spray administration were restricted to normally cycling women.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Of note, the partner-specific neural OXT effect was significantly more pronounced in women not using HC”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to technical problems, fMRI data were not available for one subject in the no HC group and behavioral data were not available for three participants in each group.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Participants
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The movement parameters were included as confounds in the design matrix.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Behavioral task
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a potential mechanism could be related to the direct binding of progesterone to OXTRs, thereby inhibiting OXTR functioning (Grazzini et al., 1998).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grazzini et al., 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent sample of 10 heterosexual women (age: 27.2 6 4.66 years) rated the attractiveness of and the arousal induced by all women and men as well as the quality of the photographs on a visual analog scale (0 ¼ minimum, 100 ¼ maximum) prior to the first fMRI session.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > fMRI paradigm
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Previous research suggests that partner preferences vary across the menstrual cycle in an evolutionarily adaptive way.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For instance, women prefer masculine faces (Little and Jones, 2012) and exhibit higher levels of intrasexual competition related to attractiveness (Fisher, 2004) at peak fertility in the menstrual cycle.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fisher, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects reported to be passionately in love and the time intervals since they last saw their partners and had intimate contact were comparable between the OXT and PLC sessions (see Supplementary Table S3).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, women prefer masculine faces (Little and Jones, 2012) and exhibit higher levels of intrasexual competition related to attractiveness (Fisher, 2004) at peak fertility in the menstrual cycle.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Little and Jones, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this may have increased the variance in the data.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We ensured that no subject knew the individuals whose photographs were used as control stimuli.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > fMRI paradigm
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“facilitated spontaneous anthropomorphism (Scheele et al., 2015) in samples in which the majority of women used HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Scheele et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“an estradiol treatment in mice and rats results in a several-fold increase in OXTR mRNA in the brain (Quinones-Jenab et al., 1997;Young et al., 1998).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We applied a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-group design.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Experimental design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we did not test women during ovulation.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“OXT has been found to increase the intensity of orgasm and contentment after copulation (Behnia et al., 2014)”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Behnia et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assure attentive stimulus processing, subjects were asked to press a keypad button whenever a stimulus was presented (percent correct responses: OXT 99.13 6 1.60, PLC 98.11 6 9.22, P ¼ 0.47).”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > fMRI paradigm
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the time interval between treatment sessions was not constant in all participants”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The selected photographs were equated for facial expression, size and luminance.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > fMRI paradigm
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also controlled for whether the subjects had had an argument with their partners in the week before both test sessions and if anything important in their relationships changed between the two test sessions.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects were randomly assigned to intranasal administration of either OXT (24 IU; Syntocinon spray, Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pomezia, Italy; three puffs per nostril, each with 4 IU OXT) or PLC (containing all ingredients except the peptide) 30 min before the start of the fMRI.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Experimental design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face.
“Given that OXT proximally interacts with striatal circuits to create a rewarding neural representation of the partner's face, we hypothesized that this core mechanism would be blunted in women using HC.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peripheral estradiol and progesterone levels are altered in women using HC.
“Peripheral estradiol and progesterone levels were found to be altered in women using HC”
The paper relies on this without support.
Intranasal OXT administration elevates central OXT concentrations sufficiently to affect brain reward responses.
“elevated OXT concentrations following nasal spray administration”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baseline salivary OXT concentrations reflect central OXT levels.
“Baseline salivary OXT concentrations of all participants irrespective of HC positively correlated with neural response to the partner”
The paper relies on this without support.
The partner's face is a valid probe for partner value representations in the brain reward system.
“neural response to the partner's face compared with a familiar person”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Discussion
“ventral tegmental area (left peak MNI coordinates À3, À4, À11; t(37) ¼ 3.24, PFWE ¼ 0.04; right peak MNI coordinates 6, À4, À11; t(37) ¼ 3.12, PFWE ¼ 0.057; (B) was significantly stronger in women not using HC than in women using HC.”
§ Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner's face > Behavioral task
“the threshold for significance was set at P < 0.05, FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons based on the size of the ROI.”
Citations
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272 · cited 1×
“Romantic love is one of the most powerful motivators of human behavior and has been linked to physical and mental health (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 · Cited by 3,089 · cited 2×
“Consistent with OXT’s well-established reproductive functions, including the induction of uterine contraction during labor and milk ejection during lactation (Gimpl and Fahrenholz, 2001), its role as a key underlying factor of the mother–infant attachment system has often been documented (Rilling and Young, 2014; Feld…”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of pair bonding.
Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1327 · Cited by 1,523 · cited 1×
“Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) is a key factor modulating pair-bonding behaviors (Young and Wang, 2004; Hurlemann and Scheele, 2016).”
BackgroundThe neural correlates of maternal and romantic love
Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003 · Cited by 1,497 · cited 1×
“Both the NAcc and VTA have previously been identified as reward-associated brain regions activated by viewing the face of a romantic partner while recalling shared experiences with him or her (Bartels and Zeki, 2004; Aron et al., 2005; Acevedo et al., 2012).”
BackgroundReward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love
Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D. J., Strong, G., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00838.2004 · Cited by 963 · cited 1×
“Both the NAcc and VTA have previously been identified as reward-associated brain regions activated by viewing the face of a romantic partner while recalling shared experiences with him or her (Bartels and Zeki, 2004; Aron et al., 2005; Acevedo et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles
Insel, T. R., & Shapiro, L. E. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5981 · Cited by 833
Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self
Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T. W., Sackeim, H. A., & Lisanby, S. H. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400049101 · Cited by 631 · cited 2×
“Given that the precuneus is heavily implicated in mediating interoceptive awareness and consciousness (Lou et al., 2004), this finding resonates well with our hypothesis that OXT induces a self-referential processing bias (Scheele et al.”
ResultSocial Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T., & Layton, J. (2010) · SciVee · doi:10.4016/19865.01 · Cited by 613
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue?
Calabrò, R. S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., Rosa, G. L., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1389 · Cited by 228
Shaping of the Female Human Brain by Sex Hormones: A Review
Rehbein, E., Hornung, J., Poromaa, I. S., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000507083 · Cited by 159
How Oral Contraceptives Impact Social-Emotional Behavior and Brain Function
Montoya, E. R., & Bos, P. A. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.005 · Cited by 145
Overview of human oxytocin research
Kendrick, K. M., Guastella, A. J., & Becker, B. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_19 · Cited by 121
Grace, S. A., Rossell, S. L., Heinrichs, M., Kordsachia, C., & Labuschagne, I. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.031 · Cited by 120
“Midbrain and basal ganglia We identified 11 studies that found task-related increases in midbrain and basal ganglia activation following IN-OXT, of these studies, three included a sample of healthy females (Gregory et al., 2015; Groppe et al., 2013; Scheele et al., 2016), six healthy males (Feng et al.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheele, D., Plota, J., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, and
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-12-31
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 767-774
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC4847696
- OpenAlex
- W2212451622
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 4.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, hormonal contraception, brain reward system, partner attractiveness, mate preferences, pair bonding, nucleus accumbens, sex steroids, sexual satisfaction, women
- MeSH terms
- Facial Recognition, Adult, Brain, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nucleus Accumbens, Oxytocin, Reward, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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