Regional brain glucose metabolism during morning and evening wakefulness in humans: Preliminary findings
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms that maintain wakefulness across the day, in the face in increasing sleep drive, are largely unknown. The goal of this pilot study was to examine regional relative brain glucose metabolism during morning and evening wakefulness in healthy humans. DESIGN: [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans were conducted during quiet wakefulness in the morning and in the evening. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare relative regional glucose metabolism during the 2 scans. Subjects also completed subjective ratings of alertness. SETTING: University of Pittsburgh General Clinical Research Center and Positron Emission Tomography Facility. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen healthy adults (10 women, 3 men; mean age, 37 years) INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Relative regional glucose metabolism was significantly higher in the evening than in the morning in a large cluster of midline and brainstem structures. Volumes of interest centered on the pontine reticular formation, midbrain reticular formation, midbrain raphe, locus coeruleus, and posterior hypothalamus also showed higher relative metabolism in the evening than in the morning. Relative glucose metabolism was significantly lower in the evening than in the morning in clusters that included structures in the right temporal cortex and occipital lobe, including cuneus and medial occipital gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: Evening wakefulness is associated with increased relative metabolism in brainstem and hypothalamic arousal systems and decreased relative metabolism in posterior cortical regions. These patterns may reflect input from the circadian timing system to promote wakefulness, and/or the effects of increasing homeostatic sleep drive.
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In humans, cerebral glucose uptake measured by PET did not appear to be decreased when measured 2-4 h after sleeping.
“In humans, cerebral glucose uptake measured by PET did not appear to be decreased when measured 2-4 h after sleeping (157).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [157]
Striatal response to monetary reward and relative glucose metabolism in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex show diurnal variation, increasing in the afternoon/evening relative to the morning.
“Striatal response to monetary reward and relative glucose metabolism in the striatum and mPFC show diurnal variation—increasing in the afternoon/evening relative to the morning (70,83,84).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [83]
Brain glucose metabolism is greater in striatal regions during the evening.
“Brain glucose metabolism has been observed to be greater in striatal regions during the evening (Buysse et al., 2004; Germain et al., 2007; Hasler, Germain, et al., 2012).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Buysse et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Buysse, D. J., Nofzinger, E. A., Germain, A., Meltzer, C. C., Wood, A., Ombao, H., Kupfer, D. J., & Moore, R. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buysse, Daniel J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1245-1254
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W107422749
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Servier
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG 00972)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66227, MH01414, K08MH001414, K24MH066227, MH 24652, R01MH061566, MH 61566, MH30915)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000056, RR 00056)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- brain glucose metabolism, wakefulness, circadian rhythm, sleep drive, arousal system, brainstem, hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, reticular formation, posterior cortex, alertness, circadian system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Blood Glucose, Brain, Brain Mapping, Circadian Rhythm, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Positron-Emission Tomography
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