Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia
Open accessAbstract
Summary: While insomnia is a well‐established risk factor for the initial onset, recurrence or relapse of affective disorders, the specific characteristics of insomnia that confer risk remain unclear. Patients with insomnia with an evening chronotype may be one particularly high‐risk group, perhaps due to alterations in positive affect and its related affective circuitry. We explored this possibility by comparing diurnal patterns of positive affect and the activity of positive affect‐related brain regions in morning‐ and evening‐types with insomnia. We assessed diurnal variation in brain activity via the relative regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose uptake by using [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography during morning and evening wakefulness. We focused on regions in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum, which have been consistently linked with positive affect and reward processing. As predicted, chronotypes differed in their daily patterns in both self‐reported positive affect and associated brain regions. Evening‐types displayed diurnal patterns of positive affect characterized by phase delay and smaller amplitude compared with those of morning‐types with insomnia. In parallel, evening‐types showed a reduced degree of diurnal variation in the metabolism of both the medial prefrontal cortex and the striatum, as well as lower overall metabolism in these regions across both morning and evening wakefulness. Taken together, these preliminary findings suggest that alterations in the diurnal activity of positive affect‐related neural structures may underlie differences in the phase and amplitude of self‐reported positive affect between morning and evening chronotypes, and may constitute one mechanism for increased risk of mood disorders among evening‐type insomniacs.
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Functional MRI studies reveal that activation (glucose uptake) of striatal and prefrontal brain regions during monetary reward tasks is greater in the afternoon or evening than in the morning in late adolescents and young adults (aged 19-24 years), and is related to morningness and eveningness chronotypes in adults.
“Functional MRI studies reveal that the activation (that is, glucose uptake) of striatal and prefrontal brain regions during monetary reward tasks is greater in the afternoon or evening than in the morning in late adolescents and young adults (aged 19–24 years)177, and is related to morningness and eveningness chronotypes in adults178.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [178]
Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse.
“Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse (Figure 2).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
Eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity.
“eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity (70,71,73–79).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
Striatal response to monetary reward and relative glucose metabolism in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex show diurnal variation, increasing in the afternoon/evening relative to the morning.
“Striatal response to monetary reward and relative glucose metabolism in the striatum and mPFC show diurnal variation—increasing in the afternoon/evening relative to the morning (70,83,84).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- HASLER, B. P., GERMAIN, A., NOFZINGER, E. A., KUPFER, D. J., KRAFTY, R. T., ROTHENBERGER, S. D., JAMES, J. A., BI, W., & BUYSSE, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- HASLER, BRANT P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-02-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 515-526
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- PMC
- PMC3371278
- OpenAlex
- W1540653165
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 11.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005, RR024153, MH24652)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL082610)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH024652, R01-MH24652, L30 MH092137)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024153)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- primary insomnia, chronotype, evening chronotype, positive affect, diurnal variation, medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, reward processing, brain glucose metabolism, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Glucose, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Risk Factors, Sleep, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Neostriatum, Prefrontal Cortex, Positron-Emission Tomography, Young Adult
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