Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain

Willis, W. D.; Westlund, K. N.

doi:10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002

Cited by 924Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and TreatmentPain Management and Placebo Effect

Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain

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Willis, W. D., Westlund, K. N.·1997·Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology

DOI 10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002PMC PMC7859971

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Abstract

We review many of the recent findings concerning mechanisms and pathways for pain and its modulation, emphasizing sensitization and the modulation of nociceptors and of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. We describe the organization of several ascending nociceptive pathways, including the spinothalamic, spinomesencephalic, spinoreticular, spinolimbic, spinocervical, and postsynaptic dorsal column pathways in some detail and discuss nociceptive processing in the thalamus and cerebral cortex. Structures involved in the descending analgesia systems, including the periaqueductal gray, locus ceruleus, and parabrachial area, nucleus raphe magnus, reticular formation, anterior pretectal nucleus, thalamus and cerebral cortex, and several components of the limbic system are described and the pathways and neurotransmitters utilized are mentioned. Finally, we speculate on possible fruitful lines of research that might lead to improvements in therapy for pain.

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The presence of multiple ascending pathways with different brain targets and complex modulatory circuitry makes it difficult to identify spinal responses simply with nociception.
“the presence of multiple ascending pathways with different brain targets [12] and complex modulatory circuitry [89] makes it difficult to identify spinal responses simply with nociception.”
From Distinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
None of the regions showing significant cross-classification between pain and rejection are primary pain-processing regions.
“Critically, none of these regions are primary ‘pain-processing’ regions36,42.”
From Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection (2014) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors: Willis, W. D., & Westlund, K. N.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author: Willis, W. D.
ORCID: Westlund, K. N.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-31
ISSN: 0736-0258 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002
PMC: PMC7859971
OpenAlex: W1998138279
Cited by: 924
References: 337
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 3.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS032778, P01NS011255)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: pain system, nociception, descending pain modulation, nociceptor sensitization, spinothalamic tract, spinocervical tract, dorsal column pathway, thalamus, cerebral cortex, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, parabrachial area, nucleus raphe magnus, reticular formation, anterior pretectal nucleus, limbic system, neurotransmitters, pain management
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Medulla Oblongata, Neurons, Nociceptors, Pain, Spinal Cord, Spinothalamic Tracts, Thalamus

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Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain

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