The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice
Open accessAbstract
The redefinition of neuropathic pain as “pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system,” which was suggested by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) in 2008, has been widely accepted. In contrast, the proposed grading system of possible, probable, and definite neuropathic pain from 2008 has been used to a lesser extent. Here, we report a citation analysis of the original NeuPSIG grading paper of 2008, followed by an analysis of its use by an expert panel and recommendations for an improved grading system. As of February, 2015, 608 eligible articles in Scopus cited the paper, 414 of which cited the neuropathic pain definition. Of 220 clinical studies citing the paper, 56 had used the grading system. The percentage using the grading system increased from 5% in 2009 to 30% in 2014. Obstacles to a wider use of the grading system were identified, including (1) questions about the relative significance of confirmatory tests, (2) the role of screening tools, and (3) uncertainties about what is considered a neuroanatomically plausible pain distribution. Here, we present a revised grading system with an adjusted order, better reflecting clinical practice, improvements in the specifications, and a word of caution that even the “definite” level of neuropathic pain does not always indicate causality. In addition, we add a table illustrating the area of pain and sensory abnormalities in common neuropathic pain conditions and propose areas for further research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To indicate probable neuropathic pain, pain must also be associated with sensory abnormalities (i.e., clinical signs such as allodynia and/or hyperalgesia) in the same neuroanatomical plausible distribution (Finnerup et al. 2016; Schmid et al. 2023).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lastly, to establish definite neuropathic pain, additional objective confirmation of a lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system that may explain the pain is required (Finnerup et al. 2016; Schmid et al. 2023).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To indicate possible neuropathic pain, patients must meet two criteria. First, the medical history should prompt a possible explanation for neuropathic pain, and patients should present with clinical symptoms. Second, the experienced pain distribution must be neuroanatomically plausible (i.e., the experienced pain is likely to correspond to the patient's neurological damage) (Finnerup et al. 2016;”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group (NeuPSIG) has developed a grading system for the identification of neuropathic pain (Finnerup et al. 2016; Schmid et al. 2023)”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, a possible diagnosis cannot replace the probable and definite certainty provided by NeuPSIG in clinical practice (Finnerup et al. 2016).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, the algorithms used across diagnostic certainty levels do not yield a definitive diagnosis of neuropathic pain (i.e., not to be confused with definite neuropathic pain). Instead, the grading system evaluate the probability that the experienced pain is caused by neurological damage, with increasing certainty as more criteria are met (Finnerup et al. 2016).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given these considerations and in line with existing guidelines, the establishment of a probable diagnosis of neuropathic pain may be adequate for prompting analgesic treatments in pwMS, provided that the patient has a valid diagnosis of MS (Finnerup et al. 2016; Treede et al. 2019).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Hence, achieving definite diagnostic certainty does not constitute absolute proof of central neuropathic pain but should rather be interpreted as a strong indication within the context of best clinical practice (Finnerup et al. 2016).”
From The Prevalence of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Using the NeuPSIG Algorithm (2026) · cites this paper as Finnerup et al. 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain
Woolf, C. J. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030 · Cited by 4,771 · cited 1×
“Because of central sensitization phenomena, the areas of allodynia and hyperalgesia may extend beyond the innervation territory.(35) Table 1”
BackgroundPharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Finnerup, N. B., Attal, N., Haroutounian, S., McNicol, E., Baron, R., Dworkin, R. H., Gilron, I., Haanpää, M., Hansson, P., Jensen, T. S., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70251-0 · Cited by 3,980
Self-citationBouhassira, D., Attal, N., Alchaar, H., Boureau, F., Brochet, B., Bruxelle, J., Cunin, G., Fermanian, J., Giniès, P., Grun-Overdyking, A., et al. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.010 · Cited by 2,834
Self-citationA classification of chronic pain for ICD-11
Treede, R.-D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., Cohen, M., Evers, S., Finnerup, N. B., First, M. B., et al. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160 · Cited by 2,822
Self-citationTreede (2008) · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59 · Cited by 2,746
Self-citationFreynhagen, R., Baron, R., Gockel, U., & Tölle, T. R. (2006) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079906x132488 · Cited by 2,280
Self-citationA new definition of neuropathic pain
Jensen, T., Baron, R., Haanpää, M., Kalso, E., Loeser, J., Rice, A., & Treede, R. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.017 · Cited by 1,343
Self-citationThe LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs
Bennett, M. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00482-6 · Cited by 1,165
NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment
Haanpää, M., Attal, N., Backonja, M., Baron, R., Bennett, M., Bouhassira, D., Cruccu, G., Hansson, P., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Iannetti, G. D., et al. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.031 · Cited by 1,060
Self-citationMaier, C., Baron, R., Tölle, T. R., Binder, A., Birbaumer, N., Birklein, F., Gierthmühlen, J., Flor, H., Geber, C., Huge, V., et al. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.002 · Cited by 1,021
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 999
Pharmaceutical considerations in treating neuropathic pain in athletes
Ramtin, S., & Ilyas, A. M. (2025) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s00264-025-06440-4 · Cited by 5
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Raasveld, F. V., Wolff, M., Luan, A., Hao, D., Valerio, I. L., & Eberlin, K. R. (2025) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001291 · Cited by 5
Effect of Microglial Activity on Gut Microbiota in Rats with Neuropathic Pain
Hong, S., Piao, L., Cho, E.-H., Seo, E., & Kim, S.-H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26115181 · Cited by 5
“The International Association for the Study of Pain defines neuropathic pain (NP) as “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system” [1].”
Cameron, M. G., & Kersten, C. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-239385 · Cited by 5
Filho, L. F. S., Santos, M. M. B., Vasconcelos, D. B. M., Soares, E. A., dos Santos, G. H. F., & Júnior, W. M. D. S. (2022) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.01.007 · Cited by 5
Implications of Nerve Fiber Density on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Juvenile Fibromyalgia
Ahmed, N., Vigouroux, M., & Ingelmo, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s340038 · Cited by 5
“Proving this relationship is important because, while fibromyalgia is generally considered to cause nociplastic pain, pain in patients with fibromyalgia and small fiber pathology could be characterized as neuropathic pain.(38,39) Correct classification is important because it can impact treatment and prognosis.”
BackgroundClassificação Internacional de Dor Orofacial, Primeira Edição (ICOP) - versão Português Brasileiro
Gonçalves, D. A. D. G., Conti, P. C. R., Conti, A. C. D. C. F., Cunha, C. O., Rubira, C. M. F., Costa, D. M. F., Fernandes, G., Braido, G. V. D. V., Rubira‐Bullen, I. R. F., Spavieri, J. H. P., et al. (2022) · Headache Medicine/Revista Headache Medicine · doi:10.48208/headachemed.2022.2 · Cited by 4
Pain-Related Vertex Evoked Potentials. Comparison of Surface Electrical to Heat Stimulation
Guiloff, R. J., Campero, M., Barraza, G., Treede, R., Matamala, J. M., & Castillo, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000929 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLötsch, J., Malkusch, S., & Ultsch, A. (2022) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.101113 · Cited by 5
Huynh, V., Lütolf, R., Rösner, J., Luechinger, R., Curt, A. E. P., Kollias, S. S., Michels, L., & Hubli, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37783-w · Cited by 6
Fentanyl in cancer pain management: avoiding hasty judgments and discerning its potential benefits
Cuomo, A. (2023) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.2023-10-2 · Cited by 5
Current Insights into Signature MicroRNA Networks and Signal Transduction in Osteosarcoma
Trivedi, J., Desai, A., Saha, P., et al. (2024) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-024-00355-1 · Cited by 5
“According to the Global Cancer Observatory Database, OS is estimated to cause 1,720 deaths as it accounts for less than 0.2% of all cancers [11].”
InfluentialMa, L.-W., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Huang, C., Li, A., Qu, X.-Z., Lin, J.-P., Yang, Y., & Yao, Y.-X. (2024) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-024-00511-3 · Cited by 5
“NP has become a serious public health issue because of its high prevalence, debilitating effects, and high social costs [3, 4].”
BackgroundComparison of orofacial thermal sensitivity assessed with simple devices and sophisticated equipment
Ayranci, M., Koutris, M., Lobbezoo, F., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1278 · Cited by 5
Sensory descriptors which identify neuropathic pain mechanisms in low back pain: a systematic review
Heraughty, M., & Ridehalgh, C. (2020) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2020.1790349 · Cited by 5
Longitudinal study of neuropathic pain in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome
Vukojević, Z., Berisavac, I., Božović, I., et al. (2020) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02395-0 · Cited by 5
Sabatschus, I., Boesl, I., Prevoo, M., et al. (2021) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00340-2 · Cited by 5
Bouhassira, D., Perrot, S., Attal, N., Ramirez‐Gil, J. F., Delval, C., Schaller, M., Bessière, B., Houéto, P., & Sommer, C. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002570 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPredicting Treatment Response with Sensory Phenotyping in Post-Traumatic Neuropathic Pain
Gewandter, J. S., Sohn, M. B., Guzman, R. D., Frazer, M. E., Chiodo, V. F., Sharma, S., Geha, P., & Markman, J. D. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac045 · Cited by 6
Neuropathic pain questionnaires for back pain, what do we know?
Baranidharan, G., Bretherton, B., Comer, C. M., Duarte, R. V., & Cromie, K. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102714 · Cited by 5
Kim, D., Kim, M. J., Kim, J. H., Oh, J., & Choi, K. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59040646 · Cited by 5
“Patients not diagnosed with CRPS were re-evaluated for NeP, and the diagnoses were based on the updated grading system for NeP, suggested by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) in 2016 [11].”
MethodKern, K., Quandel, T., Theis, S., et al. (2024) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13345 · Cited by 5
Reflections of the sensory findings in the central nervous system in patients with neuropathic pain
Tanıgör, G., Hepgüler, S., Köken, İ. Ş., Çallı, M. C., & Uyar, M. (2022) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-022-06315-9 · Cited by 5
“Group (NeuPSIG) due to intervertebral disc pathology on the C5–6 or C6–7 levels; patients with history and neuroanatomic pain distribution consistent with neurologic lesions, accompanied by sensory symptoms or signs appropriate for this distribution, and demonstration of radicular lesions using magnetic resonance imag…”
BackgroundSchmerzen bei Patienten mit Querschnittlähmung
Landmann, G., Chang, E. C., Dumat, W., Lutz, A., Müller, R., Scheel‐Sailer, A., Schwerzmann, K., Sigajew, N., & Ljutow, A. (2017) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-017-0250-x · Cited by 6
Schembri, E. (2018) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-018-0022-7 · Cited by 5
Borneol’s Pre-Clinical Analgesic Efficacy: Mediated by Receptor and Immune Mechanisms
Zhou, Y., Mei, X., & Wang, C. (2025) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s533901 · Cited by 4
“26 Neuropathic pain are primarily attributed to alterations in the structure and function of neurons following nerve injury, which lead to abnormal electrical activity and neurotransmitter release.”
Diagnostic Criteria for Centralized Pain Following Peripheral Nerve Injury
Raasveld, F. V., Tiems, M. R. A., Johnston, B. R., Moussa, O., Valerio, I. L., Hao, D., Coert, J. H., & Eberlin, K. R. (2025) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001326 · Cited by 4
Optimising physical rehabilitation for people with musculoskeletal pain
Cashin, A. G., & Sterling, M. M. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003719 · Cited by 4
Toda, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1661667 · Cited by 7
Jin, Y., Wu, F., Jin, M., Tang, L., Chen, Y., Xu, Z., Wang, W., & Wu, J. (2025) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-025-00795-7 · Cited by 4
“Current diagnostic criteria necessitate: (1) a history of stroke; (2) pain with a neuroanatom-ically congruent distribution; and (3) sensory signs consistent with somatosensory dysfunction, such as hypoesthesia, allodynia, or hyper-algesia [17–19].”
Allani, M., Nath, G., Juyal, G., Joshi, M. C., & Tiwari, V. (2026) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108275 · Cited by 5
Lefaucheur, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1723124 · Cited by 4
“In 2018, the “grading system” for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain was updated (4).”
Bouhassira, D., & Attal, N. (2026) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70350 · Cited by 4
“To further systematize and harmonize diagnostic practices, the ‘NeuPSIG grading system’, also referred to as the ‘NeuPSIG diagnostic algorithm’, was introduced in 2008 (Treede et al. 2008) and subsequently refined in 2016 (Finnerup et al. 2016).”
Self-citationOfek, H., Alperin, M., & Laufer, Y. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-220217 · Cited by 4
“Central Post Stroke Pain (CPSP) is a neuropathic pain syndrome, characterized by pain in parts or in the entire contralesional hemibody post stroke, not explainable by other diagnosis or pathology (Finnerup et al., 2016; Jensen & Finnerup, 2014).”
Precision Medicine in Neuropathic Pain
Sachau, J., & Baron, R. (2023) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2023_662 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHore, Z. L., Royds, J., Abdullahi, R. A., Lampa, J., Al-Kaisy, A. A., & Denk, F. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20153.1 · Cited by 5
“Neuropathic pain is a type of pain that arises when our nerves are directly affected by damage or disease (Finnerup et al. , 2016).”
BackgroundPercutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in post-mastectomy neuropathic pain: A case report
Wong, G., & Tiwari, A. K. (2023) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x231199800 · Cited by 4
Ladjevic, N. G. (2023) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.13 · Cited by 5
“According to the current definition proposed by the IASP Taxonomy Committee and accepted by the IASP, neuropathic pain is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system 14-16 .”
Vervullens, S., Meert, L., Meeus, M., Heusdens, C. H. W., VERDONK, P. C. M., Foubert, A., Abatih, E. N., Durnez, L., Verbrugghe, J., & Smeets, R. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001234 · Cited by 5
Atalay, S. G., Borman, P., Yaman, A., et al. (2024) · Archives of Rheumatology · doi:10.46497/archrheumatol.2024.9990 · Cited by 4
Neuropathic pain: proposal of a mechanism-based treatment
Demartini, L., & Bonezzi, C. (2025) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2025.100686 · Cited by 4
Adamczyk, W. M., Berendt, N., Trillenberg, P., Hanssen, J., Poehlmann, J., Kapitza, C., Luebke, L., Luedtke, K., Brüggemann, N., & Szikszay, T. M. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003666 · Cited by 6
Vidyasagar, P., Farrell, S., Colorado, L. H., Dando, S., & Edwards, K. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071675 · Cited by 6
“Diagnosis requires classification into possible, probable, or definite neuropathic pain based on IASP criteria [12]: ‘possible’ neuropathic pain involves a history of a condition such as diabetes mellitus and pain in a neuroanatomically plausible distribution; ‘probable’ requires sensory signs and…”
Insula Deep Brain Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: A Cross-Over, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial
Dongyang, L., da Cunha, P. H. M., Lapa, J. D. D. S., et al. (2025) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2025.07.001 · Cited by 4
Revisar la definición del dolor neuropático: un gran desafío
Montero, A. A., & Vidal, P. J. I. (2019) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2019.02.001 · Cited by 4
Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain
Lundeland, B., Toennis, M., Züchner, M., et al. (2021) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.1010 · Cited by 4
Self-citationRevealing the time course of laser‐evoked potential habituation by high temporal resolution analysis
Kersebaum, D., Fabig, S., Sendel, M., Muntean, A. C., Baron, R., & Hüllemann, P. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1823 · Cited by 4
“A decisive role is played by examination methods that generate objectifiable results (Finnerup et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSørensen, J., Sjøgren, P., Clemmensen, S. N., Sørensen, T. V., Heinecke, K., & Kurita, G. P. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06614-x · Cited by 4
Storari, M., Zerman, N., & Spinas, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074123 · Cited by 4
“Neuropathic pain, basically, describes a group of conditions with a wide range of causes and different pain distributions characterized by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system, both peripherally and centrally [1,2].”
BackgroundHébert, H. L., Veluchamy, A., Baskozos, G., Fardo, F., Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V., Pearson, E. R., Colvin, L., Crombez, G., Bennett, D., Meng, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11478-0 · Cited by 4
“Second, no clinical examination to reveal sensory signs in the body region affected by neuropathic pain was possible, which forms part of the grading system for neuropathic pain [57].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKurano, M., Sumitani, M., Akiyama, Y., et al. (2023) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117249 · Cited by 4
Schmid, A. B., Ridgway, L., Hailey, L. H., Tachrount, M., Probert, F., Martin, K. R., Scott, W., Crombez, G., Price, C., Robinson, C., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072832 · Cited by 6
Aleksandrić, T., Radicevic, I., Pejcic, V. D., Savić, A., Novaković, D. D., & Knežević, A. (2022) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns2212356a · Cited by 4
Inter- and intra-rater-reliability of a clinical framework for spine-related neck-arm pain
Kapitza, C., Luedtke, K., Komenda, M., Kiefhaber, M., Schmid, A. B., Ballenberger, N., & Tampin, B. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102853 · Cited by 4
Age and Sex Differences in Pediatric Neuropathic Pain and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Mesaroli, G., Davidge, K. M., Davis, A. M., Perruccio, A. V., Choy, S., Walker, S. M., & Stinson, J. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001217 · Cited by 4
TRPA1 Inhibition Effects by 3-Phenylcoumarin Derivatives
Sallomy, C., Awolade, P., Rahnasto‐Rilla, M., et al. (2024) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00072 · Cited by 4
Zhou, J.-Z., Deng, J. F., Luo, D., Mai, J.-W., Wu, J., Duan, Y.-J., Dong, B., Xin, W., Xu, T., & Wei, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1428666 · Cited by 5
Neuropathic pain – A clinical primer
Rösner, J., Shirvalkar, P. R., & de Andrade, D. C. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.10.014 · Cited by 4
Comparative analysis of chronic neuropathic pain and pain assessment in companion animals and humans
Parker, R. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1520043 · Cited by 4
Thibes, R. B., da Cunha, P. H. M., Lapa, J. D. D. S., Dongyang, L., Pinheiro, D. S., Iglésio, R., Duarte, K. P., da Silva, V. A., Kubota, G. T., Teixeira, M. J., et al. (2025) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2025.103056 · Cited by 3
Shi, S., Yang, S., Ma, P., Wang, Y., Ma, C., & Wan, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04805-9 · Cited by 4
Roocroft, N. T., Mayhew, E., Parkes, M., Frankland, W. A., Gill, G. V., Bouhassira, D., & Rice, A. (2016) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcw195 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMann, E. G., Harrison, M. B., LeFort, S. M., & VanDenKerkhof, E. G. (2018) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.10.016 · Cited by 4
Pathophysiologie der Schmerzen bei diabetischer Polyneuropathie
Geber, C., & Birklein, F. (2019) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-019-0479-3 · Cited by 4
Djordjević, O. C., Konstantinović, L. M., & Miljković, N. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05226-7 · Cited by 4
Magistroni, E., Ferriero, G., Peri, E., Parodi, G., Massazza, G., & Franchignoni, F. P. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05555-2 · Cited by 4
Kiekens, C. (2019) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12283 · Cited by 4
Sulukdjian, A., L'Homme, R., Chanlon, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1051/mbcb/2020006 · Cited by 4
Static mechanical allodynia in post-surgical neuropathic pain after breast cancer treatments
Mustonen, L., Aho, T., Harno, H., & Kalso, E. A. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0013 · Cited by 4
“We studied 132 breast cancer operated patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria [21] ofdefiniteNP.”
BackgroundMethodde Teresa, C., Varela‐López, A., Rios-Álvarez, S., Gálvez, R., Maire, C., Villar, S. G., Battino, M. A., & Quiles, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10081781 · Cited by 4
Prevalence of Persistent Pain of the Neuropathic Subtype after Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty
Boljanovic, D., Ziebart, C., MacDermid, J. C., de Beer, J. D., Petruccelli, D. T., & Woodhouse, L. J. (2021) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc-2020-0056 · Cited by 4
Mangiferin: Analgesic properties in neuropathic pain, molecular docking and meta-analysis
Chang, B., Jiang, H., Wei, Y.-J., Gong, Q.-J., Yu, D. S., Dong, Z.-Y., Luo, J., Gao, Y., & Yao, Q. (2021) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100170 · Cited by 4
Becchio, C., Fabrizio, E., Monetti, V., et al. (2013) · PORTO@Iris · Cited by 4
Aho, T., Sipilä, R. M., Kalso, E. A., & Harno, H. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2021-0163 · Cited by 4
Afonso, A. S., Siguero, A. N., Mosquera, E. P., Mazarro, D. O., Mateos, R. G., & Hernández, C. P. (2021) · Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor · doi:10.20986/resed.2021.3911/2021 · Cited by 4
A Delphi Study on the Management of Neuropathic Cancer Pain in Spain: The DOLNEO Study
Pérez, C., Cánovas, M. L., Carmona‐Bayonas, A., Escobar, Y., Margarit, C., Cervantes, J. F. M., Quintanar, T., Afonso, A. S., & Virizuela, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s365351 · Cited by 4
“Possibly the more rigorous tool for diagnosing neuropathic pain is the grading system proposed by the Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) of the International Association for the Study of Pain, which, using information from the history, clinical examination and confirmatory tests, categorized pain as…”
MethodPainful Diabetic Neuropathy: Myofascial Pain Makes the Difference
Escolano‐Lozano, F., Bühling‐Schindowski, F., Krämer, H. H., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-1023 · Cited by 4
Shakya, B. M., Shrestha, A., Poudyal, A. K., Shrestha, N., Acharya, B., Gurung, R., & Shakya, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287737 · Cited by 4
“The detection of neuropathic signs and symptoms was made through the patient’s history, clinical examination (probable neuropathic pain) based on the guidelines provided by International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) which is the internationally accepted guideline [26].”
MethodVarrassi, G., Tamburin, S., Zis, P., Guardamagna, V. A., Paladini, A., & Rekatsina, M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44952 · Cited by 5
“This led to the recognition and definition of nociplastic pain [2] and proposals to subdivide specific categories of neuropathic pain [3].”
BackgroundRíos‐León, M., Demertzis, E., García, R. P., & Taylor, J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12222300 · Cited by 4
“In fact, the diagnosis of NP was determined according to the grading system for definitive NP [16,41,42].”
Pregabalin on Hdac2 and Inpp5f levels in rats with CCI-induced neuropathic pain
Yuan, L., Li, T., Wan, Y., et al. (2018) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2018.7037 · Cited by 4
“This continuous intense pain causes great pressure on patients and also brings a series of stress changes to the body (2).”
Hasvik, E., Haugen, A. J., & Grøvle, L. (2019) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.40804 · Cited by 4
Feasibility and reliability of intraorally evoked “nociceptive-specific” blink reflexes
Pillai, R. S., Thai, C. M., Zweers, L., Koutris, M., Lobbezoo, F., Costa, Y. M., Pigg, M., List, T., Svensson, P. J., & Baad‐Hansen, L. (2019) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-019-02966-1 · Cited by 4
“One such objective diagnostic test that can be used to attain the level of certainty to designate a diagnosis of definite neuropathic pain is the Bnociceptive-specific^ blink reflex (nBR) test [4].”
BackgroundAnalgesic Effect of Bumetanide on Neuropathic Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Nasirinezhad, F., Zarepour, L., Hadjighassem, M., Gharaylou, Z., Majedi, H., & Ramezani, F. (2021) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.2049.1 · Cited by 4
Fink, R. M., Gates, R. A., & Jeffers, K. D. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190862374.003.0008 · Cited by 4
Huang-Lionnet, J. H. Y., Brummett, C. M., & Raja, S. N. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40196-8.00030-9 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAboelnour, N. H., & Abouelnaga, W. A. (2019) · Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy · doi:10.4103/bfpt.bfpt_17_18 · Cited by 4
Mapping the Journey of Patients with Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the Philippines
Espiritu-Picar, R., Matawaran, B. J., Lim, J. M., & Ratnasingham, P. (2022) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.4471 · Cited by 3
“However, diagnosis can be made with history and physical exam alone, 29 even without diagnostic tools, especially for remote areas or when the cost is an issue.”
BackgroundFatima, S. A., Akhtar, B., Sharif, A., Khan, M. I., Shahid, M., Anjum, F., Hussain, F., Mobashar, A., & Ashraf, M. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01653-w · Cited by 3
Fillebeen, G., Ocampo‐Pineda, M., Ruberte, E., Melie‐García, L., Kühle, J., Kurz, F. T., Lövblad, K., Lalive, P. H., & Lascano, A. M. (2025) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2025.06.011 · Cited by 3
SLOAN, G. P., Teh, K., Greig, M., SHILLO, P. R., Caunt, S., Wilkinson, I. D., Tesfaye, S. H., & Selvarajah, D. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06529-w · Cited by 3
International Survey of Current Approaches to the Management of Neuropathic Corneal Pain by Experts
Omda, S. E., Tzoumas, N., Calonge, M., et al. (2025) · Ophthalmology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40123-025-01242-8 · Cited by 3
“Neuropathic pain originates from lesions or diseases affecting the somatosensory nervous sys-tem [1].”
Gierthmühlen, J., & Bouhassira, D. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003718 · Cited by 4
Self-citationFinnerup, N. B., & Gylfadottir, S. S. (2026) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70381 · Cited by 3
Self-citationCentral sensitization in chronic lumbar spine pain – pathophysiology and diagnostics
Kosińska, B., Turczyn, P., Wesołowski, K., Tarnacka, B., & Malec‐Milewska, M. (2020) · Ból · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3421 · Cited by 3
Evidence for the BUAS-test ability to diagnose lumbar radicular pain
Dekel, B. G. S., Sorella, M. C., Vasarri, A., & Melotti, R. M. (2021) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637211005794 · Cited by 3
Alpha-2 Macroglobulin for the Treatment of Neuroma Pain in the Stump of a Below-Knee Amputee Patient
de Castro, J. C., Wang, D., Strakowski, J. A., et al. (2023) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0005 · Cited by 3
Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Escin against Neuropathic Pain: A Network Pharmacology Study
Li, X., Wu, Y., Wang, H., et al. (2023) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2023/3734861 · Cited by 3
“In the last decade, the prevalence has increased with the of the global population [1].”
BackgroundApichartvorakit, A., Euasobhon, P., Booranasubkajorn, S., et al. (2023) · Siriraj Medical Journal/San Sirirat · doi:10.33192/smj.v75i8.262655 · Cited by 3
Wang, K., Wang, Y., Wang, L., et al. (2024) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109868 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Finnerup, N. B., Haroutounian, S., Kamerman, P., Baron, R., Bennett, D. L. H., Bouhassira, D., Cruccu, G., Freeman, R., Hansson, P., Nurmikko, T., Raja, S. N., Rice, A. S. C., Serra, J., Smith, B. H., Treede, R.-D., & Jensen, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Walton Centre (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Neuroscience Technologies, Ltd, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Finnerup, Nanna B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2016-01-13
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1599-1606
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-6623
- PMC
- PMC4949003
- OpenAlex
- W2316569153
- Semantic Scholar
- 4d1325782b7eb15e39a0a2fafbff56c6b01dbb4c
- Cited by
- 1,332
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 198 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 17
- FWCI
- 11.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- International Association for the Study of Pain
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Glenmark Pharmaceuticals
- European Commission (633491, HORIZON2020)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Eisai
- Novo Nordisk (NNF14SA0006)
- Astellas Pharma
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14SA000 6, NNF14OC0011633)
- Allergan
- Sanofi Pasteur
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- neuropathic pain, neuropathic pain diagnosis, pain distribution, sensory disturbances, confirmatory testing, screening tool
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Neuralgia, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research, Pain Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
