Long work hours and adiposity among police officers in a US northeast city
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between long work hours and adiposity measures in police officers. METHODS: Participants included 408 officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study who were examined between 2004 and 2009. Total work hours were abstracted from payroll records and questionnaires. Analysis of variance and covariance models were used. RESULTS: Among male officers who worked the midnight shift, mean values of waist circumference and body mass index increased with longer work hours after adjustment for age, physical activity, energy intake, sleep duration, smoking status, police rank, activities after work (eg, child/family care, sports), and household income. Adiposity measures were not associated with work hours among women on any shift. CONCLUSION: Working longer hours was significantly associated with larger waist circumferences and higher body mass index among male police officers working the midnight shift.
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Sleep disturbances are common among police officers.
“Among law enforcement and first responders, several studies have shown that sleep disturbances are common among police officers198–203 and firefighters.204,205”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [201]
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“Although the information on sex was not collected in this present study, other studies have shown these percentages to be far greater when analysing male police officers alone, with 78·4 % overweight or obese in the UK(5) and more than 90 % in the USA(4).”
BackgroundResultPerceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students
Kukić, F., Lockie, R. G., Vesković, A., Petrović, N., Subošić, D., Spasić, D., Paspalj, D., Vulin, L., & Koropanovski, N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207628 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“, over 30 kg/m2) level possess a higher health risk [47,48].”
BackgroundFrick, K. A., Agostinelli, P. J., Swinford, J. F., Harris, M. E., Mobley, C. B., & Sefton, J. M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070714 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This is especially important in view of widespread officer staffing shortages and increasing Previous research conducted over 30 years ago found an average VO 2 max of 42.6 mL/kg/min in the general police population [28], while a special operations unit averaged 51.06 mL/kg/min [29]. officer…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe impact of shift work on nutritional status of police officers
Ćopić, N., Kukić, F., Tomić, I., Parčina, I., & Dopsaj, M. (2020) · Nauka bezbednost policija · doi:10.5937/nabepo25-24628 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…Kukić & Čvorović, 2019; Riebe et al., 2018), whereby nutritional status measured by BMI is highly associated with both health and performance of police officers (Charles et al., 2008; Garbarino & Magnavita, 2015; Gu et al., 2012; Kukić et al., 2018; Mitrović et al., 2015; Violanti et al., 2006).”
BackgroundStructural analysis of body composition status in Abu Dhabi police personnel
Kukić, F., & Dopsaj, M. (2016) · Nauka bezbednost policija · doi:10.5937/nabepo21-12244 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Associations Among Work and Family Health Climate, Health Behaviors, Work Schedule, and Body Weight
Buden, J. C., Dugan, A. G., Faghri, P. D., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Namazi, S., & Cherniack, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001049 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“36 Health behaviors may play a partial role in health outcomes, and changes in physiological processes from increased overtime may cause strain and worsen health status.”
Effects of training and a semester break on physical fitness of police trainees
Kukić, F., Jeknić, V., Dawes, J. J., Orr, R. M., Stojković, M., & Čvorović, A. (2019) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.51.2.2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sooriyaarachchi, P., Jayawardena, R., Pavey, T., & King, N. A. (2021) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lockie, R. G., Rodas, K. A., Dawes, J. J., Dulla, J. M., Orr, R. M., & Moreno, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179297 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Further, the sedentary nature of working in custody could be compounded by the shift work and irregular work hours completed by law enforcement personnel, as this can also lead to poorer dietary choices [67,68].”
BackgroundRodas, K. A., Dulla, J. M., Moreno, M. R., Bloodgood, A. M., Thompson, M. B., Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. J., & Lockie, R. G. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/kprm9974 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
State police officer sleep patterns and fast food consumption
Tewksbury, R., & Copenhaver, A. (2015) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/1461355715617343 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…associated with fast food consumption highlighted above (obesity, cardiovascular problems, etc.), the often-sedentary nature of law enforcement (i.e. paperwork and sitting in police cruisers) and the lack of healthy food choices available to officers performing shift work (see Gu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSacrifice spirit and police work-family conflict among rank-and-file officers in China
Xu, J., Wang, X., & Sun, G. (2023) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2023.2241967 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“One piece of research indicated that some US police o ffi cers worked for 37.6 h per week on average (Gu 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialMcNeil, J., Clark, K., Adams, W. M., Pickett, S., Propper, C. B., McCoy, T. P., Edwards, K. E., Exford, T., Hemphill, M. A., & Wideman, L. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087950 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Factorial analysis of stress factors among the sample of Lebanese police officers
Fayyad, F., Kukić, F., Ćopić, N., Koropanovski, N., & Dopsaj, M. (2020) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-05-2020-0081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Factorial analysis of body composition in Abu Dhabi policemen
Kukić, F., & Dopsaj, M. (2017) · Bezbednost Beograd · doi:10.5937/bezbednost1702005k · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“It has been observed that police workforce around the world show increased levels of obesity (Sorensen et al., 2000; Violanti et al., 2006; AbuAisha et al., 2008; Gu et al., 2012; Kukic and Dopsaj, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialBody mass index in a group of security forces (policemen). Cross-sectional study
Arredondo, G. P. (2017) · New Insights in Obesity Genetics and Beyond · doi:10.29328/journal.niogb.1001007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Adverse effects of this occupation include circadian rhythm disorders, inadequate sleep, psychological disorders, metabolic diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease [2].”
BackgroundA brief review of body composition in police workforce
Kukić, F., Dopsaj, M., Čvorović, A., Stojković, M., & Jeknić, V. (2018) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.26524/ijpefs1822 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Working Hours, Shift, and Remote Work by Industry and Occupation in U.S. Full-time Workers
Chen, G. X. (2024) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/21650799241257157 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Another study focusing on active-duty officers in the Buffalo Police Department between 2004 and 2009 suggested that 32.3% of police officers worked more than 40 hours a week (Gu et al., 2012).”
InfluentialViolanti, J. M., Fekedulegn, D. B., Burchfiel, C. M., McCanlies, E. C., Service, S. K., Mnatsakanova, A., Gu, J. K., Allison, P., Andrew, M. E., & Charles, L. E. (2025) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-025-02142-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), abdominal height, waist Details on measurement protocols are presented elsewhere (Gu et al. 2012).”
Lentine, T., Johnson, Q. R., Lockie, R. G., Joyce, J., Orr, R. M., & Dawes, J. J. (2021) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000679 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Review of COVID-19 Deaths among Law Enforcement Officers in the United States
Boydstun, J., & Wells, M. J. (2023) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x231164577 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Another consideration is that mental health issues may lead to poorer physical health (Ramey et al., 2011; Gu et al., 2012 ), so wellness offerings related to diet, exercise, and sleep may also be bene fi cial and improve overall wellbeing.”
BackgroundWork hours and absenteeism among police officers.
Fekedulegn, D. B., Burchfiel, C. M., Hartley, T. A., Baughman, P. J., Charles, L. E., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Health and Fitness Characteristics of Civilian Jailer Recruits Prior to Academy Training
Lockie, R. G., Moreno, M. R., Dulla, J. M., Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. J., & Rodas, K. A. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/opvm6254 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Physiological determinants and assessment of stress and recovery among media workers
Lindholm, H. J. (2013) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Doku, A. O., Moses, M. O., Acheampong, I. K., Gyamfi, I., Agbavor, C., Akwa, L. G., Osei, F., Appiah, E. J., Tiguridaane, I. A., & Deku, P. D.-G. (2019) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1836572.286 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The present study supports previous studies which showed that female bankers have higher total body fat percentage than their male counterparts (Carpenter et al., 2013; Gu et al., 2012; Kostrzewa-Nowak et al., 2015).”
ResultRonzi, R. D., & Greco, G. (2020) · European Journal of Public Health Studies · doi:10.46827/ejphs.v3i2.79 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prevention of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in tactical athletes
Dean, J.-H. L., Churchill, T. W., Weller, S. L., Moulson, N., Murphy, C. E., Davenport, E. D., German, C. A., Shapiro, M. D., & Petek, B. J. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101675 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional studies in U.S. LEO cohorts have estimated that 34-60% of individuals in this TA discipline meet criteria for obesity [18 – 21].”
Job-Related Determinants of Unhealthy Lifestyles
Rubin, M. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001456 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Herrera, D., Ng, C., Durán‐Agüero, S., & Ríos-Castillo, I. (2021) · Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética · doi:10.14306/renhyd.25.1.1062 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pavlović, R. (2018) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.26524/ijpefs1821 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Szivak, T. K., Schafer, E. A., MacDonald, H. V., & Sáenz, C. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15080506 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Lifestyle Strategies to Improve Health of Shift Workers
Peery, A. I., Firnhaber, G. C., & Kolasa, K. M. (2013) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e3182943ccf · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hidalgo, C. A. C., Corvos, A. V., & Hidalgo, R. R. (2018) · Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética · doi:10.14306/renhyd.22.3.430 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
de Lorenzi, J. V. D. S., da Rocha, R. E. R., Zago, E. A., Bondan, L. E., & Palmera, L. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida · doi:10.3895/rbqv.v11n3.10153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effect of Shiftwork on Body Composition
Sooriyaarachchi, P., Jayawardena, R., Pavey, T., & King, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Health Condition of Traffic Police Personnel in Nagpur Division of Maharashtra, India
Sahu, P. K. (2023) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.31901/24566802.2023/52.1-3.2067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chase, B., Brusseau, T. A., Burns, R. D., Hannon, J. C., Henderson, H. L., & Kehoe, B. (2021) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2020-0058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Buden, J. C. (2016) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut)
Hege, B. A. (2015) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Tubbs, D. C. (2016) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
Body Composition and Public Safety The Industrial Athlete
Davis, P. O., & Abel, M. G. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-14
Estudo secundário sobre a hipertensão arterial
de Aguiar, D. S., Silva, J. P. S. E., Guerra, É. D., Andrade, L. V. B., Braga, D. O., da Silva, D. C., & Barbosa, J. K. D. C. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv5n11-233
Does shift work lead to change in energy intake? : a systematic review
Kumar, S. (2015) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
14: Body Composition and Public Safety The Industrial Athlete
Davis, P. O., & Abel, M. G. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-18
Motivations for Smoking Among Hungarian Police Students
Erdős, Á. (2023) · European Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5708/ejmh.18.2023.0013
“According to previous studies, female police are generally more likely to smoke than males (Gu et al., 2012; Hartley et al. 2014; Violanti et al., 2016).”
ResultLockie, R. G., Beitzel, M. M., Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. J., & Dulla, J. M. (2025) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005358
Reflecting on Inequality: A Clinician's Perspective on Police Diversity and Return-to-Work Processes
de Klerk, L. (2026) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263261449114
“They are at increased risk for musculoskeletal (MSK) issues (Lyons et al., 2021) and other health conditions like adiposity (Gu et al., 2012).”
- Authors
- Gu, J. K., Charles, L. E., Burchfiel, C. M., Fekedulegn, D., Sarkisian, K., Andrew, M. E., Ma, C., & Violanti, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gu, Ja K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1374-1381
- ISSN
- 1076-2752 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4653812
- OpenAlex
- W2315197055
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Keywords
- long working hours, adiposity, police officers, waist circumference, body mass index, occupational stress, sex differences, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Urban Population, Work Schedule Tolerance, Body Mass Index, Chi-Square Distribution, Law Enforcement, Adiposity, Waist Circumference
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