Fermentation in the Human Large Intestine: Its Physiologic Consequences and the Potential Contribution of Prebiotics
Abstract
The human large intestine harbors a complex microbiota containing many hundreds of different bacterial species. Although structure/function relationships between different components of the microbiota are unclear, this complex multicellular entity plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Many of the physiologic properties of the microbiota can be attributed to fermentation and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In healthy people, fermentation processes are largely controlled by the amounts and different types of substrate, particularly complex carbohydrates that are accessible to bacteria in the colonic ecosystem. However, other factors impact on bacterial metabolism in the large gut, including large bowel transit time, the availability of inorganic terminal electron acceptors, such as nitrate and sulfate, and gut pH. They all affect the types and levels of SCFA that can be formed by the microbiota. This is important because to a large extent, acetate, propionate, and butyrate have varying physiologic effects in different body tissues. Prebiotics such as galactooligosaccharides together with inulins and their fructooligosaccharide derivatives have been shown to modify the species composition of the colonic microbiota, and in various degrees, to manifest several health-promoting properties related to enhanced mineral absorption, laxation, potential anticancer properties, lipid metabolism, and anti-inflammatory and other immune effects, including atopic disease. Many of these phenomena can be linked to their digestion and SCFA production by bacteria in the large gut.
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Butyrate and propionate can regulate intestinal physiology and immune function.
“Butyrate and propionate can regulate intestinal physiology and immune function”
From The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Acetate acts as a substrate for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis.
“acetate acts as a substrate for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis.13”
From The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Macfarlane, G. T., & Macfarlane, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- ORCID
- Macfarlane, Sandra
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- S120-S127
- ISSN
- 0192-0790 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020187741
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- colonic fermentation, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, acetate, propionate, colonic transit time, gut pH, prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, inulin, mineral absorption, laxation, anticancer effects, lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory activity, atopic diseases
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Acids, Volatile, Fermentation, Humans, Intestine, Large, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Metagenome, Prebiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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