From shared to distinct self–other representations in empathy: evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders
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Neuroscientific research has identified two fundamental components of empathy: shared emotional representations between self and other, and self–other distinction. The concept of shared representations suggests that during empathy, we co-represent another person's affect by engaging brain and bodily functions underpinning the first-hand experience of the emotion we are empathizing with. This possible grounding of empathy in our own emotional experiences explains the necessity for self–other distinction, which is the capacity to correctly distinguish between our own affective representations and those related to the other. In spite of the importance of these two components in empathy, several aspects still remain controversial. This paper addresses some of them and focuses on (i) the distinction between shared activations versus representations, raising the question what shared representations entail in terms of the underlying neural mechanisms, (ii) the possible mechanisms behind self–other distinction in the cognitive and the affective domains, and whether they have distinct neural underpinnings and (iii) the consequences associated with a selective impairment of one of the two components, thereby addressing their importance in mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, psychopathy and alexithymia.
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Individuals with ASD often show difficulty in evaluating social cues and in appropriately interpreting another person's experiences or emotions, and may display a preoccupation with self or limited interest in others.
“Individuals with ASD often show difficulty in evaluating social cues and in appropriately interpreting another person’s experiences or emotions, and may display a preoccupation with self or limited interest in others 14–19.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Individuals with ASD are often described as having inability to organize social information or appropriately interpret the state and experience of others.
“Individuals with ASD are often described as having inability to organize social information or appropriately interpret the state and experience of others 14–19.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Moving beyond the lab: investigating empathy through the Empirical 5E approach
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You ≠ me: individual differences in the structure of social cognition
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Neuropsychology’s social landscape: Common ground with social neuroscience.
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Whose emotion is it? Perspective matters to understand brain-body interactions in emotions
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Contemplative neuroscience, self-awareness, and education
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Hartmann, H., Rütgen, M., Riva, F., & Lamm, C. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117397 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLavenne-Collot, N., Tersiguel, M., Dissaux, N., Degrez, C., Bronsard, G., Botbol, M., & Berthoz, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Variability in Brain Structure and Function Reflects Lack of Peer Support
Schurz, M., Uddin, L. Q., Kanske, P., Lamm, C., Sallet, J., Bernhardt, B. C., Mars, R. B., & Bzdok, D. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab109 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Lengersdorff, L., Wagner, I. C., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0842-20.2020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Circles of engagement: Childhood pain and parent brain
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Acute stress alters neural patterns of value representation for others
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Self-citationThe Effect of Money Priming on Self-Focus in the Imitation-Inhibition Task
Genschow, O., Schuler, J., Cracco, E., Braß, M., & Wänke, M. (2019) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000466 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Emotion specific neural activation for the production and perception of facial expressions
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Hypnotic analgesia reduces brain responses to pain seen in others
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The role of external factors in affect-sharing and their neural bases
Gamble, R. S., Henry, J. D., Jean Decety, A., & Vanman, E. J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105540 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Understanding Individual Differences in Domain-General Prosociality: A Resting EEG Study
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Do you hear what I see? An audio-visual paradigm to assess emotional egocentricity bias
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The relationship between cognitive failures and empathy
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Grice-Jackson, T., Critchley, H., Banissy, M. J., & Ward, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00507 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Group membership dictates the neural correlates of social optimism biases
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Don’t look now! Emotion-induced blindness: The interplay between emotion and attention
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The Other and Me: Effects of oxytocin on self-other distinction
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Self-citationCzekóová, K., Shaw, D. J., Saxunová, K., Dufek, M., Mareček, R., Vaníček, J., & Brázdil, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00525 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Emotional Reactivity, Emotion Regulation, and Social Emotions in Affective Disorders
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Agent-specific learning signals for self–other distinction during mentalising
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Intracranial EEG signals disentangle multi-areal neural dynamics of vicarious pain perception
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Riva, F., Lenger, M., Kronbichler, M., Lamm, C., & Silani, G. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Self-citationBrain Structural and Functional Substrates of Personal Distress in Empathy
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Automatic imitation is reduced in narcissists but only in egocentric perspective-takers
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Interoceptive accuracy is associated with emotional contagion in a valence- and sex-dependent manner
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Compassion and empathy in community social workers: A qualitative study in Spain
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- Authors
- Lamm, C., Bukowski, H., & Silani, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Lamm, C.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2016-01-19
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 1686
- Pages
- 20150083-20150083
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC4685528
- OpenAlex
- W2264210502
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Viennese Science and Technology Fund (CS11-005 and CS11-011)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- empathy, shared representations, self-other distinction, emotion representation, autism spectrum disorder, psychopathy, alexithymia, neural mechanisms of empathy, affective empathy, cognitive empathy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition Disorders, Empathy, Humans, Self Concept, Social Behavior Disorders, Social Perception
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