Minimal theory of 3D vision: New approach to visual scale and visual shape.
Open accessAbstract
Since Kepler and Descartes in the early-1600s, vision science has been committed to a triangulation model of stereo vision. But in the early-1800s, we realized that disparities are responsible for stereo vision. And we have spent the past 200 years trying to shoe-horn disparities back into the triangulation account. The first part of this article argues that this is a mistake, and that stereo vision is a solution to a different problem: the eradication of rivalry between the two retinal images, rather than the triangulation of objects in space. This leads to a 'minimal theory of 3D vision', where 3D vision is no longer tied to estimating the scale, shape, and direction of objects in the world. The second part of this article then asks whether the other aspects of 3D vision, which go beyond stereo vision, really operate at the same level of visual experience as stereo vision? I argue they do not. Whilst we want a theory of real-world 3D vision, the literature risks giving us a theory of picture perception instead. And I argue for a two-stage theory, where our purely internal 'minimal' 3D percept (from stereo vision) is linked to the world through cognition. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New approaches to 3D vision'.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A cognitive model of 3-dimensional reality depends on the ability to assess object size, spatial position, and 3D character of identifiable objects viewed from different distances and angles.
“The latter depends on the ability to assess object size, spatial position, and the 3-dimensional character of identifiable objects viewed from different distances and angles (Linton, 2022)”
From The function(s) of consciousness revisited: insights from a modular/constitutive model using vision as a test case (2026) · cites this paper as Linton, 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935 · see citing works
Fodor, J. A. (1983) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001 · Cited by 7,734 · see citing works
Separate visual pathways for perception and action
Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (1992) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 · Cited by 6,519 · see citing works
Barlow, H. B. (1983) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(83)90030-5 · Cited by 5,502 · see citing works
NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis
Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P. P., Tancik, M., Barron, J. T., Ramamoorthi, R., & Ng, R. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58452-8_24 · Cited by 5,351 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128 · see citing works
Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35784 · Cited by 4,410 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, keeping vision in retinotopic terms might also help us to explain the rubber hand illusion [158].”
BackgroundOn a confusion about a function of consciousness
Block, N. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00038188 · Cited by 3,364 · see citing works
The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems
Boring, E. G., & Gibson, J. J. (1967) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420561 · Cited by 3,173 · see citing works
Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework
Dehaene, S. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00123-2 · Cited by 2,498 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It presents a low-level theory of visual consciousness [27,42], in contrast with mid-level theories (recurrent processing theory [43]; integrated information theory [44]) and higher-level theories (higher-order thought [45]; global workspace theory [46]).”
ResultA computer algorithm for reconstructing a scene from two projections
Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293133a0 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing
Lamme, V. A. F., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01657-x · Cited by 2,338 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It presents a low-level theory of visual consciousness [27,42], in contrast with mid-level theories (recurrent processing theory [43]; integrated information theory [44]) and higher-level theories (higher-order thought [45]; global workspace theory [46]).”
ResultA computational theory of human stereo vision
Marr, D., & Poggio, T. (1979) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0029 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Tononi, G. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5395.1846 · Cited by 1,561 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It presents a low-level theory of visual consciousness [27,42], in contrast with mid-level theories (recurrent processing theory [43]; integrated information theory [44]) and higher-level theories (higher-order thought [45]; global workspace theory [46]).”
Perception as Bayesian Inference
(1996) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984037 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Wheatstone, C. (1838) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London · doi:10.1098/rstl.1838.0019 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Is vision continuous with cognition?: The case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002022 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down” effects
Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15000965 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
The Philosophical Writings of Descartes
Descartes, R. (1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107340824 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience
Block, N. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002786 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Perceiving Layout and Knowing Distances
Cutting, J. E., & Vishton, P. M. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012240530-3/50005-5 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Measurement and modeling of depth cue combination: in defense of weak fusion
Landy, M. S., Maloney, L. T., Johnston, E. B., & Young, M. (1995) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)00176-m · Cited by 996 · see citing works
Binocular Rivalry and Visual Awareness in Human Extrastriate Cortex
Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughan, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80592-9 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
The perception of the visual world.
Boring, E. G. (1951) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0051570 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Binocular Depth Perception of Computer-Generated Patterns
Julesz, B. (1960) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03954.x · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Perceptual consciousness overflows cognitive access
Block, N. J. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.001 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene RepresentationsPreprint
Sitzmann, V., Zollhöfer, M., & Wetzstein, G. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.01618 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View SynthesisPreprint
Mildenhall, B., Srinivasan, P. P., Tancik, M., Barron, J. T., Ramamoorthi, R., & Ng, R. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.08934 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
The perception of egocentric distances in virtual environments - A review
Renner, R. S., Velichkovsky, B. M., & Helmert, J. R. (2013) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2543581.2543590 · Cited by 544 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(ii) Motion parallax [113] concludes that ‘there is no empirical evidence that providing motion parallax improves distance perception in virtual environments’ and [114–118] find very little benefit from motion of the observer.”
BackgroundData Fusion for Sensory Information Processing Systems
Clark, J. J., & Yuille, A. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2076-1 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Neural scene representation and rendering
Eslami, S. M. A., Rezende, D. J., Besse, F., Viola, F., Morcos, A. S., Garnelo, M., Ruderman, A., Rusu, A. A., Danihelka, I., Gregor, K., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar6170 · Cited by 511 · cited 5× · see citing works
“On my account the input to perceptual learning would be depth from disparity (so something more than the 2D image input in [23]), but we would still have to learn the concept of 3D space as a space in which we move, and which contains 3D objects that persist across time (so something less than the innate ’geometry awa…”
BackgroundInfluentialCombining Sensory Information: Mandatory Fusion Within, but Not Between, Senses
Hillis, J. M., Ernst, M. O., Banks, M. S., & Landy, M. S. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1075396 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
The representation of perceived angular size in human primary visual cortex
Murray, S. O., Boyacı, H., & Kersten, D. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1641 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception
Cumming, B. G., & Parker, A. J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/38487 · Cited by 426 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another reason for suggesting that stereo depth isn’t processed in V1 is that anticorrelated random-dot stereo images (where the points are white in one eye, and black in the other) fail to produce a depth percept even though they are still processed by V1 [40].”
BackgroundAn Essay Concerning Humane Understanding
Locke, J. (2018) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Binocular depth perception and the cerebral cortex
Parker, A. J. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2131 · Cited by 406 · cited 1× · see citing works
“So [39] suggests that any plausible account ‘eliminates the fovea as a reference point’ and ‘avoids reference to any retinal landmark’.”
BackgroundDistance determined by the angular declination below the horizon
Ooi, T. L., Wu, B., & He, Z. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35102562 · Cited by 390 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(iv) Ground plane How far along the ground an object is [121] and/or how high it is in our visual field [122,123] are often taken to be important absolute distance cues.”
BackgroundImage distortions in stereoscopic video systems
Woods, A. J., Docherty, T., & Koch, R. (1993) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.157041 · Cited by 373 · cited 3× · see citing works
“And none of the responses in the literature—from intentionally ignoring impossible vertical disparities [21], to averaging out them out [22], to trying to come up with a principled response [20]—make sense on a triangulation account.”
BackgroundMethodDecoding sound and imagery content in early visual cortex
Vetter, P., Smith, F. W., & Muckli, L. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.020 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Da vinci stereopsis: Depth and subjective occluding contours from unpaired image points
Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (1990) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(90)90161-d · Cited by 315 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This point is true for all stereo vision, but is immediately apparent in da Vinci stereopsis [25].”
BackgroundLong-term deprivation affects visual perception and cortex
Fine, I., Wade, A. R., Brewer, A. A., May, M. G., Goodman, D. F., Boynton, G. M., Wandell, B. A., & MacLeod, D. I. A. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1102 · Cited by 309 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[85]), requires considerable perceptual learning.”
BackgroundSystematic distortions of shape from stereopsis
Johnston, E. B. (1991) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(91)90056-b · Cited by 295 · cited 3× · see citing works
“However, how do I explain the partial depth constancy reported in the literature [98,167]? Again, I argue it’s a purely cognitive compensatory mechanism.”
BackgroundInfluentialPHENOMENAL REGRESSION TO THE REAL OBJECT. I
Thouless, R. H. (1931) · British Journal of Psychology General Section · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1931.tb00597.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
A computational model of binocular depth perception
Mayhew, J. E. W., & Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/297376a0 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
An essay towards a new theory of vision.
Berkeley, G. (2012) · Richard Priestley eBooks · doi:10.1037/14116-004 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Binocular Neurons in V1 of Awake Monkeys Are Selective for Absolute, Not Relative, Disparity
Cumming, B. G., & Parker, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-13-05602.1999 · Cited by 261 · cited 1× · see citing works
“First, it’s argued that our experience of stereo vision is primarily one of relative depth between points (which is what we are most sensitive to), whilst V1 processes absolute disparity (depth relative to the fixation plane) [38].”
BackgroundTerrain influences the accurate judgement of distance
Sinai, M., Ooi, T., & He, Z.-J. J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/26747 · Cited by 240 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(iv) Ground plane How far along the ground an object is [121] and/or how high it is in our visual field [122,123] are often taken to be important absolute distance cues.”
BackgroundCoherent encoding of subjective spatial position in visual cortex and hippocampus
Saleem, A. B., Diamanti, E. M., Fournier, J., Harris, K. D., & Carandini, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0516-1 · Cited by 239 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the one hand, there is increasing evidence of highly cognitive processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) (which I review in [27]), from the integration of vision and location [31], to potentially the semantic category of sounds [32].”
BackgroundTouch can change visual slant perception
Ernst, M. O., Banks, M. S., & Bülthoff, H. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/71140 · Cited by 237 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2, I argue that we should be able to introduce stereo bars that mark out the fronto-parallel plane, and see if the cue integration stimuli from [138] really look slanted against it? In [41, p.”
BackgroundRetinotopic activity in V1 reflects the perceived and not the retinal size of an afterimage
Sperandio, I., Chouinard, P. A., & Goodale, M. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3069 · Cited by 209 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This puts size constancy in conflict with Emmert’s Law [166], in contrast with most accounts in the literature that equate Emmert’s Law with size constancy [152].”
BackgroundResultAfterimage movement during saccades in the dark
Grüsser, O. ‐., ̨, A. K., & Weiss, L.-R. (1987) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90184-2 · Cited by 205 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In [151] an after-imagewas induced, and participants were then asked to move their eyes in darkness.”
BackgroundJones, J. A., Swan, J. E., Singh, G., Kolstad, E., & Ellis, S. R. (2008) · Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV) · doi:10.1145/1394281.1394283 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Bayne, T., Brainard, D. H., Byrne, R. W., Chıttka, L., Clayton, N., Heyes, C. M., Mather, J. A., Ölveczky, B. P., Shadlen, M. N., Suddendorf, T., et al. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.044 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Do action systems resist visual illusions?
Carey, D. P. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01592-8 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Dima, D., Roiser, J. P., Dietrich, D. E., Bonnemann, C., Lanfermann, H., Emrich, H. M., & Dillo, W. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Absolute motion parallax and the specific distance tendency
Gogel, W. C., & Tietz, J. D. (1973) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03214141 · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Note that this single fixed ‘phenomenal distance’ is not Gogel & Tietz’s [91] ‘specific distance tendency’, the assumption that, in the absence of distance cues, objects default to a physical distance of 2–3 m.”
BackgroundGaze direction controls response gain in primary visual-cortex neurons
Trotter, Y., & Celebrini, S. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/18444 · Cited by 188 · cited 1× · see citing works
“So, on orthodox triangulation accounts, visual distance and visual direction are thought to be combined so that visual signals are ‘dedicated to certain volumes of visual space’ [156].”
BackgroundHeller, K. D. (1964) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8112-6_10 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments
Jarske, P. (1992) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/0165-1684(92)90135-j · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Modulation of Neural Stereoscopic Processing in Primate Area V1 by the Viewing Distance
Trotter, Y., Celebrini, S., Stricanne, B., Thorpe, S. J., & Imbert, M. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1519066 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Signal Detection Measures Cannot Distinguish Perceptual Biases from Response Biases
Witt, J. K., Taylor, J. E. T., Sugovic, M., & Wixted, J. T. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7908 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Todd, J. T., & Norman, J. F. (2003) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194781 · Cited by 159 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(i) Motion (kinetic depth effect/motion parallax) Participants in [140] (discussed in [41, pp.”
fMRI reveals a preference for near viewing in the human parieto-occipital cortex
Quinlan, D. J., & Culham, J. C. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.029 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Wheatstone, C. (1852) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London · doi:10.1098/rstl.1852.0001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Gogel, W. C. (1969) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(69)90049-2 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Using blur to affect perceived distance and size
Held, R. T., Cooper, E. A., O’Brien, J. F., & Banks, M. S. (2010) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1731047.1731057 · Cited by 145 · cited 2× · see citing works
“(iii) Defocus blur Tilt-shift miniaturization exploits extreme defocus blur across the visual field [119,120].”
BackgroundDissociation of perception and action unmasked by the hollow-face illusion
Króliczak, G., Heard, P. F., Goodale, M. A., & Gregory, R. L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.107 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Constancy of Stereoscopic Depth
Wallach, H., & Zuckerman, C. B. (1963) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419781 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Blur and Disparity Are Complementary Cues to Depth
Held, R. T., Cooper, E. A., & Banks, M. S. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.033 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“the then emphasis on above-threshold blur [149,150]).”
Neuronal mechanisms for visual stability: progress and problems
Wurtz, R. H., Joiner, W. M., & Berman, R. A. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0186 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ideal-Observer Models of Cue Integration
Landy, M. S., Banks, M. S., & Knill, D. C. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0001 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Disparity Scaling and the Perception of Frontoparallel Surfaces
Rogers, B. J., & Bradshaw, M. F. (1995) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p240155 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
On So-Called Paradoxical Monocular Stereoscopy
Koenderink, J. J., van Doorn, A. J., & Kappers, A. M. L. (1994) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p230583 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Some Recent Studies on the Extraretinal Contribution to Distance Perception
Mon-Williams, M. A., & Tresilian, J. R. (1999) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p2737 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Human Brain in Depth: How We See in 3D
Welchman, A. E. (2016) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114605 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Distance Perception within near Visual Space
Viguier, A., Clement, G. R., & Trotter, Y. (2001) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3119 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Observers can voluntarily shift their psychometric functions without losing sensitivity
Morgan, M. J., Dillenburger, B., Raphael, S., & Solomon, J. A. (2011) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0222-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Toward a new theory of stereopsis.
Vishwanath, D. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0035233 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Rogers B. 2019 Toward a new theory of stereopsis: a critique of Vishwanath (2014).”
BackgroundVertical disparities and perception of three-dimensional shape
Cumming, B. G., Johnston, E. B., & Parker, A. J. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349411a0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sedgwick, H. A. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-084320-6.50020-7 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(iv) Ground plane How far along the ground an object is [121] and/or how high it is in our visual field [122,123] are often taken to be important absolute distance cues.”
BackgroundIndependent Effects of Lighting, Orientation, and Stereopsis on the Hollow-Face Illusion
Hill, H. C. H., & Bruce, V. (1993) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p220887 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Role of the Vertical Dimension in Stereoscopic Vision
Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1982) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p110377 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of binocular vision
Bishop, P. O., & Pettigrew, J. D. (1986) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(86)90177-x · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the other hand, so far as stereo vision is concerned (the most basic and low-level aspect of 3D vision [24,33,34]), V1 is thought to be merely a preliminary feed-forward stage, with depth perception coming much later [35–37].”
BackgroundSustained representation of perspectival shape
Morales, J., Bax, A., & Firestone, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2000715117 · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It would be like asking whether, if we know we are in France, this stops us from reading street signs in English? For an illustration of the contrast between my position and Chaz Firestone’s [62] position on the perception/cognition distinction, see [29,65,66].”
BackgroundNeural processing of stereopsis as a function of viewing distance in primate visual cortical area V1
Trotter, Y., Celebrini, S., Stricanne, B., Thorpe, S. J., & Imbert, M. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.2872 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ordinal depth information from accommodation?
Mon-Williams, M. A., & Tresilian, J. R. (2000) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/001401300184486 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Misperceptions in stereoscopic displays
Held, R. T., & Banks, M. S. (2008) · Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV) · doi:10.1145/1394281.1394285 · Cited by 84 · cited 4× · see citing works
“And none of the responses in the literature—from intentionally ignoring impossible vertical disparities [21], to averaging out them out [22], to trying to come up with a principled response [20]—make sense on a triangulation account.”
BackgroundInfluentialCutting, J. E. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4337.003.0016 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Seeing in 3-D With Just One Eye
Vishwanath, D., & Hibbard, P. B. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613477867 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Goodale, M. A., & Milner, D. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596966.001.0001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
How the Brain’s Navigation System Shapes Our Visual Experience
Nau, M., Julian, J. B., & Doeller, C. F. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.008 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
An indirect method of measuring perceived distance from familiar size
Gogel, W. C. (1976) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208276 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Consciousness, Metacognition, & Perceptual Reality MonitoringPreprint
Lau, H. C. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ckbyf · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Binocular cues and the control of prehension
Watt, S. J., Elliott, K. M., Bradshaw, M. F., Simpson, P. J., DAVIES, I. R. L., & Hibbard, P. B. (2004) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856804322778288 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Jones, J. A., Swan, J. E., Singh, G., & Ellis, S. R. (2011) · ACM Symposium on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/2077451.2077457 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Papathomas, T. V., & Bono, L. M. (2004) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5086 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Retinal blur and the perception of egocentric distance
Vishwanath, D., & Blaser, E. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.10.26 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(iii) Defocus blur Tilt-shift miniaturization exploits extreme defocus blur across the visual field [119,120].”
Background“What Not” Detectors Help the Brain See in Depth
Goncalves, N. R., & Welchman, A. E. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.074 · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“By contrast, on traditional accounts, there is no rivalry to resolve because you can construct a coherent model of the world like figure 1 (although rivalry can inform the initial matching process in the two eyes [28]).”
BackgroundFamiliar size and the theory of off-sized perceptions
Gogel, W. C., & Silva, J. A. D. (1987) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208233 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Perception beyond inference: the information content of visual processes
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-1170 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The place of human psychophysics in modern neuroscience
Read, J. C. A. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.036 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Object-Centered Shifts of Receptive Field Positions in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex
Ni, A. M., Murray, S. O., & Horwitz, G. D. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Absolute motion parallax weakly determines visual scale in real and virtual environments
Beall, A. C., Loomis, J. M., Philbeck, J. W., & Fikes, T. G. (1995) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.207547 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience
Izhikevich, E. M. (2011) · Scholarpedia · doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1286 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Experiments on the Role of Painted Cues in Hughes's Reverspectives
Papathomas, T. V. (2002) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3223 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Visual consciousness and bodily self-consciousness
Faivre, N., Salomon, R., & Blanke, O. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000160 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The role of instructions and familiar size in absolute judgments of size and distance
Predebon, J. (1992) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211628 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neural architectures for stereo vision
Parker, A. J., Smith, J. E. T., & Krug, K. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0261 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
PHENOMENAL REGRESSION TO THE ‘REAL’ OBJECT. II
Thouless, R. H. (1931) · British Journal of Psychology General Section · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1931.tb00609.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Does vertical disparity scale the perception of stereoscopic depth?
Sobel, E. C., & Collett, T. S. (1991) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1991.0055 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rogers, B., & Gyani, A. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6583 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Luo, X., Kenyon, R. V., Kamper, D. G., Sandin, D. J., & DeFanti, T. A. (2007) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2007.352464 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The natural statistics of blur
Sprague, W. W., Cooper, E. A., Reissier, S., Yellapragada, B., & Banks, M. S. (2016) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/16.10.23 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“the then emphasis on above-threshold blur [149,150]).”
The Perception and Cognition of Visual Space
Linton, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66293-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fixing My Gaze: A Scientist's Journey into Seeing in Three Dimensions
Levi, D. M. (2009) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181bbb29a · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Challenges to color constancy in a contemporary light
Hurlbert, A. C. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
He, D., Mo, C., Wang, Y., & Fang, F. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4425-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
What is visible across the visual field?
Haun, A. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab006 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, high resolution in the periphery [68].”
BackgroundThe Familiar-Size Cue to Distance and Stereoscopic Depth Perception
Predebon, J. (1993) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p220985 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sperandio, I., Kaderali, S., Chouinard, P. A., Frey, J., & Goodale, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0977-13.2013 · Cited by 38 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This phenomenon, known as the ‘Taylor illusion’ [10,188–190], has led to the suggestion that vision ‘relies on multimodal signals’ [10] and that ‘visual consciousness is shaped by the body’ [191].”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes vision extract absolute distance from vergence?
Linton, P. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02006-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Looking at the task in hand: vergence eye movements and perceived size
Mon-Williams, M. A., Tresilian, J. R., Plooy, A., Wann, J. P., & Broerse, J. (1997) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050246 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gaschler, R., Katsarava, M., & Kubik, V. (2020) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26248-8_6-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of cortical damage on binocular depth perception
Bridge, H. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0254 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Guan, P., & Banks, M. S. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0253 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Koenderink, J. J., & van Doorn, A. J. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4337.003.0017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Change in size of the afterimage induced in total darkness.
Taylor, F. V. (1941) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058125 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cue conflict between disparity change and looming in the perception of motion in depth
González, E. G., Allison, R. S., Ono, H., & Vinnikov, M. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.005 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(ii) Motion (looming/optic flow) Participants in [142] (discussed in [141]) were shown two motion in depth stimuli at the same time: (i) a looming stimulus and (ii) a point with disparity.”
BackgroundVisual Sensitivities to Cues for Depth Perception
Nagata, S. (1977) · The Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers · doi:10.3169/itej1954.31.8_649 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Contemporary discussions [128] and textbooks [129] typically cite Cutting & Vishton from 1995 [130], but Cutting &Vishton’s famous diagram of the different distance cues and their range is simply a redrawing of an earlier diagram by Nagata from 1977 [131,132].”
BackgroundThe Extent of Visual Space Inferred from Perspective Angles
Erkelens, C. J. (2015) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0673 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The combined influence of binocular disparity and shading on pictorial shape
Doorschot, P. C. A., Kappers, A. M. L., & Koenderink, J. J. (2001) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194522 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“(iii) Pictorial cues ( perspective/shading) The participants in [143] (discussed in [41, p.”
BackgroundCorrecting geometric distortions in stereoscopic 3D imaging
Gao, Z., Hwang, A. D., Zhai, G., & Eli Peli, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205032 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“And none of the responses in the literature—from intentionally ignoring impossible vertical disparities [21], to averaging out them out [22], to trying to come up with a principled response [20]—make sense on a triangulation account.”
BackgroundEvidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3-D spatial localization processing
Trotter, Y., Celebrini, S., & Durand, J. (2004) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2004.03.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An analysis of perceptions from changes in optical size
Gogel, W. C. (1998) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206064 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perceived size of familiar objects and the theory of off-sized perceptions
Predebon, J. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213902 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Predebon, J. (1990) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210874 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Influence of Object Familiarity on Magnitude Estimates of Apparent Size
Predebon, J. (1992) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p210077 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
On the Determinants of Size-Constancy in a Virtual Environment
Luo, X., Kenyon, R. V., Kamper, D. G., Sandin, D. J., & DeFanti, T. A. (2009) · International Journal of Virtual Reality · doi:10.20870/ijvr.2009.8.1.2712 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The conscious awareness of visual space: A tripartite encoding model.
Vishwanath, D. (2021) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000280 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Koenderink, J. J., Wijntjes, M., & van Doorn, A. J. (2013) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0585 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Familiar-Size Cue to Depth under Reduced-Cue Viewing Conditions
Predebon, J., & Woolley, J. S. (1994) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p231301 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Visual-proprioceptive mismatch and the Taylor illusion
Ramsay, A. I. G., Carey, D. P., & Jackson, S. R. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0609-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Paradoxical stabilization of relative position in moving frames
Özkan, M., Anstis, S., Hart, B. M. ’., Wexler, M., & Cavanagh, P. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2102167118 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Familiar size affects the perceived size and distance of real objects even with binocular vision
Maltz, M. V., Stubbs, K. M., Quinlan, D. J., Rzepka, A. M., Martin, J. R., & Culham, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.10.21 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The suggestion in the literature, from Descartes [2] to the present, is that familiar size only affects the distance at which objects are judged to be, but not the distance at which they are perceived to be [54,99–110]; although see [111] for an alternative.”
BackgroundVienne, C., Plantier, J., Neveu, P., & Priot, A.-E. (2016) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669516681308 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
V1 as an egocentric cognitive map
Linton, P. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab017 · Cited by 16 · cited 10× · see citing works
“The interpretation of it as a single ‘surface’ is a further, purely cognitive, step [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialLayer and framework theories of lightness
Soranzo, A., & Gilchrist, A. (2019) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01736-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gregory, R. L., & Wallace, J. G. (1963) · Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Visual Physiology: Perceived Size Looms Large
MacEvoy, S. P., & Fitzpatrick, D. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.076 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Phenomenal and Cognitive Factors in Spatial Perception
Hatfield, G. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199597277.003.0003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Conflicting shape percepts explained by perception cognition distinction
Linton, P. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2024195118 · Cited by 14 · cited 4× · see citing works
“As I note in [29], ‘while someone viewing a car and a photograph of a car may be able to identify the same object, they don’t literally perceive the same 3D shape’.”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a new theory of stereopsis: A critique of Vishwanath (2014).
Rogers, B. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000131 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Vishwanath D. 2019 Advancing a new theory of stereopsis: reply to Rogers (2019).”
BackgroundHelmholtz, H. (1857) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.18571780907 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does Vergence Affect Perceived Size?
Linton, P. (2021) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision5030033 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reply to Linton: Perspectival interference up close
Morales, J., Bax, A., & Firestone, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2025440118 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It would be like asking whether, if we know we are in France, this stops us from reading street signs in English? For an illustration of the contrast between my position and Chaz Firestone’s [62] position on the perception/cognition distinction, see [29,65,66].”
BackgroundFamiliar size and judgments of distance: Effects of response mode
Predebon, J. (1987) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330344 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Neural processing of stereopsis as a function of viewing distance
Trotter, Y., Stricanne, B., Celebrini, S., Thorpe, S. J., & Imbert, M. (1993) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198547853.003.0226 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Advancing a new theory of stereopsis: Reply to Rogers (2019).
Vishwanath, D. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Linton, P., Morgan, M. J., Read, J. C. A., Vishwanath, D., Creem-Regehr, S. H., & Domini, F. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0443 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This suggests a very different approach to perceptual learning than currently employed in deep neural networks (figure 13) (for a review, see the Introduction article to this issue [86]).”
BackgroundEffect of Familiar Size on Judgments of Relative Size and Distance
Predebon, J. (1979) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1979.48.3c.1211 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
V1 as an Egocentric Cognitive MapPreprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2sv9m · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAre stereoscopic cues ignored in telestereoscopic viewing?
Rogers, B. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.8.288 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Do We See Scale?Preprint
Linton, P. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/371948 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Romano, P. E. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Helmholtz, H. (1858) · The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science · doi:10.1080/14786445808642433 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perceptual Integration and Visual IllusionsPreprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p92mn · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Visual Space and the Perception / Cognition DividePreprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v7mhn · Cited by 4 · cited 4× · see citing works
“(ii) Motion (looming/optic flow) Participants in [142] (discussed in [141]) were shown two motion in depth stimuli at the same time: (i) a looming stimulus and (ii) a point with disparity.”
BackgroundInfluentialSeeing Depth with One Eye and Pictorial SpacePreprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dt7xw · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“89–103] and [29,47], I argue that pictorial depth ismerely cognitive.”
BackgroundConscious awareness of visual space: A tripartite encoding model.Preprint
Vishwanath, D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/35ue9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Visual stability—what is the problem?
Glennerster, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00958 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Linton, P. The Perception and Cognition of Visual Space
Erkelens, C. J. (2018) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006618793311 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Perceptual Idealism and Phenomenal GeometryPreprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6tfkn · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Computational Models of 3D-Cue Integration
Domini, F., & Vishwanath, D. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_100696-1 · Cited by 3 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To support this claim, there’s been a vast literature over the past 20 years that appears to demonstrate that perspective, shading, and motion can all be traded off against stereo vision [137].”
BackgroundOn Qualitative Shape Inferences: a journey from geometry to topologyPreprint
Zucker, S. W. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.08622 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Romano, P. E. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Consciousness: How Low Can You Go?Preprint
Linton, P. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rv5t6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Do We See Scale?Preprint
Linton, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yf6t7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- [1]Kepler J. 2000 Paralipomena to Witelo. In Optics: paralipomena to witelo and optical part of astronomy, p. 1604. Santa Fe, NM: Green Lion Press.
- [24]Julesz B. 1971 Foundation of cyclopean perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- [48]Koenderink JJ, van Doorn AJ, Kappers AML. 2006 Pictorial relief. In Seeing spatial form (eds MRM Jenkin, LR Harris), pp.11–32. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- [51]Hagen MA. (ed). 1980 The perception of pictures. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- [77]Hume D. 1739 A treatise of human nature. Oxford, UK: John Noon.
- [96]Rogers BJ. 2011 Information, illusion, and constancy in telestereoscopic viewing. In Vision in 3D environments (eds LR Harris, MRM Jenkin), pp. 70–94. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- [128]Lanman DR. 2020 Display systems research at facebook reality labs (conference presentation). In Optical architectures for displays and sensing in augmented, virtual, and mixed reality (AR, VR, MR), p. 1131025. SPIE. See https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/11310/1131025/Display-Systems-Research-at-Facebook-Reality-Labs-Conference-Presentation/10.1117/12.2566597.full · DOI
- [144]Ogle K. 1959 The theory of stereoscopic vision. In Psychology: a study of a science (vol I) sensory, perceptual and physiological formulations (ed. S Koch), pp. 362–394. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- [146]Romano P. 2003 Followup: a case of acute loss of binocular vision and stereoscopic depth perception. (The misery of acute monovision, having been binocular for 68 years). Binocul. Vis. Strabismus. Q 18, 101- 103. 12765543
- [148]Romano P. 2003 Further followup: (Part IV) a case of acute loss of binocular vision and stereoscopic depth perception. Binocul. Vis. Strabismus. Q. 18, 253. 14653778
- [176]Milner AD, Goodale MA. 1995 The visual brain in action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, Y., Yang, M., Bai, H., Li, R., Liang, J., Huang, J., & Du, Y. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110568 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Toward a theory of perspective perception in pictures
Hertzmann, A. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.4.23 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This echoes theories from real-world 3D vision that separate shape and scale, whether in pictures or in real-world 3D vision (Vishwanath, 2014; Linton, 2022), as well as evidence of dissociation between shape and location estimation (Loomis et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialLinton, P., Morgan, M. J., Read, J. C. A., Vishwanath, D., Creem-Regehr, S. H., & Domini, F. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0443 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Minimal model: In this issue, Paul Linton [310] argues for a ‘ minimal model ’ of 3D vision.”
MethodMinD-3D: Reconstruct High-Quality 3D Objects in Human Brain
Gao, J., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Qian, X., Feng, J., & Fu, Y. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72970-6_18 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Relating visual and pictorial space: Integration of binocular disparity and motion parallax
Wang, X. M., & Troje, N. F. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.13.7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Bayesian model of distance perception from ocular convergence
Scarfe, P., & Hibbard, P. B. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Our aim was not to experimentally resolve the debate around the experimental evidence of human use of vergence to estimate distance [3,10,16,43,55,102–105].”
Yildiz, G. Y., Skarbez, R., Sperandio, I., Chen, S. J., Mulder, I. J., & Chouinard, P. A. (2024) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02834-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fındık, H., Kaim, M., Uzun, F., Kanat, A., Keleş, O. N., & Aydın, M. D. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15040536 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Toward a Theory of Perspective Perception in PicturesPreprint
Hertzmann, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c7vdr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lacalli, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1829430
“…the ability to assess object size, spatial position, and the 3-dimensional character of identifiable objects viewed from different distances and angles (Linton, 2022), where it may be the record of gaze shifts that provides the oculomotor maps on which these abilities depend (Hannula et al., 2010;…”
Five Illusions Challenge Our Understanding of Visual ExperiencePreprint
Linton, P. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4tqxd_v1
Five Illusions Challenge Our Understanding of Visual ExperiencePreprint
Linton, P. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4tqxd_v2
Broseghini, A., Bevilacqua, V., Guerineau, C., Mongillo, P., & Marinelli, L. (2025) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-025-02026-0
“The Intrinsic Constraint theory proposes that the visual system pri-oritizes the most stable interpretation of visual input over the most probable one, especially when faced with variations in viewing conditions (Domini 2023).”
- Authors
- Linton, P.
- Affiliations
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Linton, Paul
- ORCID
- Linton, Paul
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2022-12-13
- Volume
- 378
- Issue
- 1869
- Pages
- 20210455-20210455
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC9745885
- OpenAlex
- W4311349858
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Presidential Scholars in Society and Neuroscience, Center for Science and Society, Columbia University
- Art, Humanities, and Neuroscience Fellowship, The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Vision and Imaging
- Keywords
- 3D vision, stereo vision, binocular disparity, visual scale, visual form, image perception, visual perception
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Vision, Ocular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
