Secreted and transmembrane wnt inhibitors and activators
Open accessAbstract
Signaling by the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins plays important roles in embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Wnt signaling is modulated by a number of evolutionarily conserved inhibitors and activators. Wnt inhibitors belong to small protein families, including sFRP, Dkk, WIF, Wise/SOST, Cerberus, IGFBP, Shisa, Waif1, APCDD1, and Tiki1. Their common feature is to antagonize Wnt signaling by preventing ligand-receptor interactions or Wnt receptor maturation. Conversely, the Wnt activators, R-spondin and Norrin, promote Wnt signaling by binding to Wnt receptors or releasing a Wnt-inhibitory step. With few exceptions, these antagonists and agonists are not pure Wnt modulators, but also affect additional signaling pathways, such as TGF-β and FGF signaling. Here we discuss their interactions with Wnt ligands and Wnt receptors, their role in developmental processes, as well as their implication in disease.
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SFRP2 acts as a critical Wnt modulator by directly binding Wnt proteins and preventing their interactions with FZD receptors.
“SFRP2, the most down-regulated transcript in patients’ cells, acts as a critical Wnt modulator, since it directly binds to Wnt proteins and prevents their interactions with FZD receptors [137].”
From Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Classical, Vascular, and Hypermobile Ehlers‒Danlos Syndromes (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
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The left–right axis is regulated by the interplay of Coco, Xnr1 and derrière in Xenopus embryos
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The Wnt Signaling Pathway in Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy and Norrie Disease
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Craniofacial malformation in R-spondin2 knockout mice
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En1 and Wnt7a interact with Dkk1 during limb development in the mouse
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Expression of the Norrie disease gene (Ndp) in developing and adult mouse eye, ear, and brain
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Structure–Function analysis of secreted frizzled‐related protein‐1 for its Wnt antagonist function
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The extracellular matrix component WIF-1 is expressed during, and can modulate, retinal development
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A Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Is Down-Regulated in Renal Cancer
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The Mouse Cer1 (Cerberus related or homologue) Gene Is Not Required for Anterior Pattern Formation
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Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling, Disease, and Emerging Therapeutic Modalities
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Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities
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Lu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, Q., Li, C., Graves-Deal, R., Cao, Z., Singh, B., Franklin, J. L., Wang, J., Hu, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4424 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease
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WNT as a Driver and Dependency in Cancer
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Wnts in adult brain: from synaptic plasticity to cognitive deficiencies
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Chiarelli, N., Ritelli, M., Zoppi, N., & Colombi, M. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10080609 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hormonal and systemic regulation of sclerostin
Drake, M. T., & Khosla, S. (2017) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dysregulated Wnt Signalling in the Alzheimer’s Brain
Aghaizu, N. D., Jin, H., & Whiting, P. J. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120902 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lüdtke, T. H., Rudat, C., Wojahn, I., Weiss, A.-C., Kleppa, M.-J., Kurz, J., Farin, H. F., Moon, A., Christoffels, V. M., & Kispert, A. (2016) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A spatiotemporal atlas of cholestatic injury and repair in mice
Wu, B., Shentu, X., Nan, H., Guo, P., Hao, S., Xu, J., Shangguan, S., Cui, L., Cen, J., Deng, Q., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01687-w · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wnt signaling pathway dysregulation in the aging brain: lessons from the Octodon degus
Inestrosa, N. C., Tapia-Rojas, C., Lindsay, C. B., & Zolezzi, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00734 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kolbe, E., Aleithe, S., Rennert, C., Spormann, L., Ott, F., Meierhofer, D., Gajowski, R., Stöpel, C., Hoehme, S., Kücken, M., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.104 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cruciat, C.-M., & Niehrs, C.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- ORCID
- Niehrs, C.
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2012-10-19
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- a015081-a015081
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3578365
- OpenAlex
- W2135914580
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- Wnt signaling, Wnt inhibitors, secreted glycoprotein, secreted frizzled-related proteins, Cerberus, IGF binding proteins, APCDD1, R-spondin, Norrin, Wnt receptors, ligand-receptor interactions, TGF-beta signaling, FGF signaling, embryonic development, disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Models, Biological, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Xenopus Proteins, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Embryonic Development, Wnt Proteins, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Receptors, Wnt
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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