Function and biological roles of the Dickkopf family of Wnt modulators
Abstract
Dickkopf (Dkk) genes comprise an evolutionary conserved small gene family of four members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). They encode secreted proteins that typically antagonize Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, by inhibiting the Wnt coreceptors Lrp5 and 6. Additionally, Dkks are high affinity ligands for the transmembrane proteins Kremen1 and 2, which also modulate Wnt signaling. Dkks play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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DKK3 is involved in regulation of canonical Wnt signaling.
“This particular SNP shares LD with additional SNPs within the DKK3 host gene, which is also implicated in the black non-Hispanic group and is involved in regulation of canonical Wnt signaling [32].”
From Enrichment of a subset of Neanderthal polymorphisms in autistic probands and siblings (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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Secreted and transmembrane wnt inhibitors and activators
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- Authors
- Niehrs, C.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Niehrs, C
- ORCID
- Niehrs, C
- Venue
- Oncogene
- Published
- 2006-12-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 57
- Pages
- 7469-7481
- ISSN
- 0950-9232 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5594
- OpenAlex
- W1967073403
- Cited by
- 995
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oncogene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Studies
- Keywords
- Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Wnt antagonists, LRP5, LRP6, DKK3, vertebrate development, anterior-posterior patterning, limb development, somitogenesis, eye development, bone formation, bone disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Neoplasms, Xenopus, Signal Transduction, Conserved Sequence, Cell Lineage, Body Patterning, LDL-Receptor Related Proteins, Xenopus Proteins, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Wnt Proteins, Mice, Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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