Anti-racist actions and accountability: not more empty promises

Boykin, C. Malik; Brown, N. Derek; Carter, James T.; Dukes, Kristin; Green, Dorainne J.; Harrison, Timothy; Hebl, Mikki; McCleary-Gaddy, Asia; Membere, Ashley; McJunkins, Cordy A.; Simmons, Cortney; Singletary Walker, Sarah; Smith, Alexis Nicole; Williams, Amber D.

doi:10.1108/edi-06-2020-0158

Cited by 51Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchRace, History, and American SocietyCritical Race Theory in Education

Anti-racist actions and accountability: not more empty promises

Open access

Boykin, C. Malik, Brown, N. Derek, Carter, James T., Dukes, Kristin, Green, Dorainne J., Harrison, Timothy, Hebl, Mikki, McCleary-Gaddy, Asia +6 more·2020·Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal

DOI 10.1108/edi-06-2020-0158

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose: The current piece summarizes five critical points about racism from the point of view of Black scholars and allies: (1) Black people are experiencing exhaustion from and physiological effects of racism, (2) racism extends far beyond police brutality and into most societal structures, (3) despite being the targets of racism, Black people are often blamed for their oppression and retaliated against for their response to it, (4) everyone must improve their awareness and knowledge (through both formal education and individual motivation) to fight racism and (5) anti-racist policies and accountability are key to enact structural reformation. Findings: The first three of these points detail the depths of the problem from the perspectives of the authors and the final two lay out a call to action. Practical implications: This viewpoint is the joint effort of 14 authors who provided a unified perspective. Originality/value: This was one of the most original experiences the authors have had – working with 13 former/current students on joint perspectives about police brutality and racism more generally. The authors thank for the opportunity.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1108/edi-06-2020-0158

Cites

64 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Scholars including Helms have encouraged (white) researchers to undertake identity work for decades, and numerous papers in recent years have outlined steps for greater researcher reflexivity on race, racism, and whiteness.
“Scholars including Helms have encouraged (white) researchers to undertake this type of identity work for decades (Helms, 1993), and numerous papers in recent years have outlined steps for greater researcher reflexivity on race, racism, and whiteness (Boykin et al., 2020; Dottolo & Kaschak, 2015; Spanierman et al., 2017).”
From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Boykin et al., 2020

Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043 · see citing works
The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-1766 · Cited by 4,414 · see citing works
The role of stereotyping in system‐justification and the production of false consciousness
Jost, J., & Banaji, M. (1994) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x · Cited by 3,259 · see citing works
A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo
Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x · Cited by 2,883 · see citing works
The Mark of a Criminal Record
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840 · see citing works
Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma
Bell, D. A. (1980) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1340546 · Cited by 2,574 · see citing works
Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 · Cited by 2,486 · see citing works
A Theory of Racialized Organizations
Ray, V. E. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418822335 · Cited by 2,056 · see citing works
Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice
Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inequality in Quality
Fiscella, K. A., Franks, P. J., Gold, M. R., & Clancy, C. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.19.2579 · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children.
Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035663 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2018) · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes
Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Unequal Treatment—Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare
Osundeko, O. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations
Gershenson, S., Holt, S. B., & Papageorge, N. W. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.002 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Two Strikes: Race and the Disciplining of Young Students
Okonofua, J. A., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615570365 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Gender, Race, and Meritocracy in Organizational Careers
Castilla, E. J. (2008) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/588738 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities
Laurencin, C. T., & McClinton, A. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
On the Precipice of a “Majority-Minority” America
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614527113 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community
Desmond, M., Papachristos, A. V., & Kirk, D. S. (2016) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122416663494 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Attitudes on Residential Integration: Perceived Status Differences, Mere In-Group Preference, or Racial Prejudice?
Bobo, L. D., & Zubrinsky, C. L. (1996) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/74.3.883 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
How Does Stigma “Get Under the Skin”?
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Dovidio, J. F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in social interaction.
Apfelbaum, E. P., Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011990 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
“Every Shut Eye, Ain’t Sleep”: The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Difficulty
Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Ailshire, J., Burgard, S. A., & Williams, D. R. (2013) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
The invisible weight of whiteness: the racial grammar of everyday life in contemporary America
Bonilla‐Silva, E. (2011) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.613997 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Racism in the Structure of Everyday Worlds: A Cultural-Psychological Perspective
Salter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417724239 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United States: Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Effective Law Enforcement
Tyler, T. R., Goff, P. A., & MacCoun, R. J. (2015) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100615617791 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City
Sewell, A. A., & Jefferson, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
MOSAIC: A Model of Stereotyping Through Associated and Intersectional Categories
Hall, E. V., Hall, A. V., Galinsky, A. D., & Phillips, K. W. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0109 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The Misperception of Racial Economic Inequality
Kraus, M. W., Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619863049 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Maximizing the Gains and Minimizing the Pains of Diversity
Galinsky, A. D., Todd, A. R., Homan, A. C., Phillips, K. W., Apfelbaum, E. P., Sasaki, S. J., Richeson, J. A., Olayon, J. B., & Maddux, W. W. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615598513 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
More than fair: Outcome dependence, system justification, and the perceived legitimacy of authority figures
van der Toorn, J., Tyler, T. R., & Jost, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.003 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Wearing body cameras increases assaults against officers and does not reduce police use of force: Results from a global multi-site experiment
Ariel, B., Sutherland, A., Henstock, D., Young, J., Drover, P., Sykes, J., Megicks, S., & Henderson, R. (2016) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370816643734 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Aggressive policing and the educational performance of minority youth
Legewie, J., & Fagan, J. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122419826020 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
On Social Stability and Social Change
Kay, A. C., & Friesen, J. P. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411422059 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Psychological and biological responses to race-based social stress as pathways to disparities in educational outcomes.
Levy, D. J., Heissel, J. A., Richeson, J. A., & Adam, E. K. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040322 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
A Superhumanization Bias in Whites’ Perceptions of Blacks
Waytz, A. G., Hoffman, K. M., & Trawalter, S. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614553642 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The White-Centering Logic of Diversity Ideology
Mayorga, S. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219842619 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
#BlackEmployeesMatter: Mega-Threats, Identity Fusion, and Enacting Positive Deviance in Organizations
Leigh, A., & Melwani, S. (2019) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0127 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in Amer i ca (2016)
Hinton, E. (2020) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674251656-013 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Black and blue: Exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians.
Hall, A. V., Hall, E. V., & Perry, J. L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040109 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The numbers don’t speak for themselves: Racial disparities and the persistence of inequality in the criminal justice system
Hetey, R. C., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721418763931 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
African Americans' Implicit Racial Attitudes and the Depletion of Executive Function after Interracial Interactions
Richeson, J. A., Trawalter, S., & Shelton, J. N. (2005) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2005.23.4.336 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue.
Thomas, K. S., Bardwell, W. A., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.635 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities
Zénou, Y., & Boccard, N. (2000) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1006/juec.1999.2166 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Rumination partially mediates the associations between perceived ethnic discrimination, emotional distress, and aggression
Borders, A., & Liang, C. T. H. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023357 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Using Needs Assessment to Resolve Controversies in Diversity Training Design
Roberson, L., Kulik, C. T., & Pepper, M. B. (2003) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601102250028 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Consequences of attributing discrimination to implicit vs. explicit bias
Daumeyer, N. M., Onyeador, I. N., Brown, X., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.010 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
One Step Forward, One Step Back: White Male Top Manager Organizational Identification and Helping Behavior toward Other Executives Following the Appointment of a Female or Racial Minority CEO
McDonald, M. L., Keeves, G. D., & Westphal, J. D. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0358 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A rose by any other name?
Hall, E. V., Phillips, K. W., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.004 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ignoring the Past: Coverage of Slavery and Slave Patrols in Criminal Justice Texts
Turner, K., GIACOPASSI, D. J., & Vandiver, M. (2006) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511250500335627 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Divide Between Diversity Training and Diversity Education: Integrating Best Practices
King, E. B., Gulick, L. M. V., & Avery, D. R. (2009) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562909348767 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Psychological Aspects of Racism in Organizations
Watts, R. J., & Carter, R. T. (1991) · Group & Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/105960119101600307 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Racism? Risks and Benefits to Teaching Children About Intergroup Biases
Bigler, R. S., & Wright, Y. F. (2014) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12057 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A critical examination of “being Black” in the juvenile justice system.
Peck, J. H., & Jennings, W. G. (2016) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000180 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Evidence that curtailing proactive policing can reduce major crime
Sullivan, C. M., & O’Keeffe, Z. P. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0211-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Design of a Medical School Social Justice Curriculum
Coria, A. L., McKelvey, T. G., Charlton, P., Woodworth, M. H., & Lahey, T. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3182a325be · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Calling in Black: a dynamic model of racially traumatic events, resourcing, and safety
McCluney, C. L., Bryant, C. M., King, D. D., & Ali, A. A. (2017) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-01-2017-0012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Firm Turnover and the Return of Racial Establishment Segregation
Ferguson, J., & Koning, R. M. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418767438 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
What Social Science Research Says about Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Understanding the Antecedents and Consequences—An Introduction
Dukes, K. N., & Kahn, K. B. (2017) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12242 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Informal Training Experiences and Explicit Bias against African Americans among Medical Students
Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., Perry, S., Burgess, D. J., Hardeman, R. R., Phelan, S. M., Cunningham, B. A., Yeazel, M. W., Przedworski, J. M., & van Ryn, M. (2016) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272516668166 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bad Apples? Attributions for Police Treatment of African Americans
Haider‐Markel, D. P., & Joslyn, M. R. (2017) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12146 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
End White Silence
Wattsjohnson, Y. M. (2003) · Multicultural Perspectives · doi:10.1207/s15327892mcp0503_03 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 65 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Epistemic injustice and hegemonic ordeal in management and organization studies: Advancing Black scholarship
Muzanenhamo, P., & Chowdhury, R. R. (2021) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267211014802 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Racial Inequality in Academia: Systemic Origins, Modern Challenges, and Policy Recommendations
Dupree, C. H., & Boykin, C. M. (2021) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732220984183 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
“Am I Next?” The Spillover Effects of Mega-Threats on Avoidant Behaviors at Work
Leigh, A., & Melwani, S. (2022) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2020.1657 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Psychological Science Is Not Race Neutral
Dupree, C. H., & Kraus, M. W. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620979820 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context
Moffitt, U., & Rogers, L. O. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12762 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Pandemic as a Portal: Reimagining Psychological Science as Truly Open and Inclusive
Ledgerwood, A., Hudson, S. T. J., Lewis, N. A., Maddox, K. B., Pickett, C. L., Remedios, J. D., Cheryan, S., Diekman, A. B., Dutra, N. B., Goh, J. X., et al. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211036654 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
White fragility: An emotion regulation perspective.
Ford, B. Q., Green, D. J.-A., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000968 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Corporate Diversity Statements and Employees’ Online DEI Ratings: An Unsupervised Machine-Learning Text-Mining Analysis
Wang, W., Dinh, J., Jones, K. S., Upadhyay, S. K., & Yang, J. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09819-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Research on Anti-Black Racism in Organizations: Insights, Ideas, and Considerations
King, D. D., Hall, A. V., Johnson, L. U., CARTER, J. H., Burrows, D. N., & Samuel, N. N. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09804-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reframing the narrative: Black maternal mental health and culturally meaningful support for wellness
Parker, A. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21910 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Pandemic as a Portal: Reimagining Psychological Science as Truly Open and InclusivePreprint
Ledgerwood, A., Hudson, S. T. J., Lewis, N. A., Maddox, K. B., Pickett, C. L., Remedios, J. D., Cheryan, S., Diekman, A. B., Dutra, N. B., Goh, J. X., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gdzue · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The impact of organizational statements of support for the black community in the wake of a racial mega‐threat on organizational attraction and revenue
Corrington, A. R., Fa-Kaji, N. M., Hebl, M. R., King, E. B., Stewart, D., & Alao, T. (2022) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22119 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Whiteness in academia, time to listen, and moving beyond White fragility
Bates, K. A., & Ng, E. S. (2021) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-02-2021-300 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
(Un)masking threat: Racial minorities experience race-based social identity threat wearing face masks during COVID-19
Kahn, K. B., & Money, E. E. L. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221998781 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Deconstructing institutional racism and the social construction of whiteness: A strategy for professional competence training in culture and migration mental health
Lazaridou, F., & Fernando, S. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221087101 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Conversational Silencing of Racism in Psychological Science: Toward Decolonization in Practice
Durrheim, K. L. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231182922 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Black lives matter: On the denial of systemic racism, White liberals, and polite racism
Ng, E. S., & Lam, A. (2020) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-09-2020-297 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ethical Redress of Racial Inequities in AI: Lessons from Decoupling Machine Learning from Optimization in Medical Appointment Scheduling
Shanklin, R., Samorani, M., Harris, S. L., & Santoro, M. A. (2022) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-022-00590-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Critique of Vanishing Voice in Noncooperative Spaces: The Perspective of an Aspirant Black Female Intellectual Activist
Muzanenhamo, P., & Chowdhury, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05111-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Advantaged groups misperceive how allyship will be received
Birnbaum, H. J., Wilson, D., & Waytz, A. G. (2024) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104309 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Influence of Social Norms on the Expression of Anti-Black Bias
Corrington, A. R., Fa-Kaji, N. M., Hebl, M. R., Salgado, A., Brown, N. D., & Ng, L. C. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09822-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fighting the 400-Year Pandemic: Racism Against Black People in Organizations
Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., & Shockley, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09855-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Equity, Diversity, and Community as the Basis for Critical Zone Science and Education
Perdrial, J. N., Kincaid, D. W., Wheaton, D., Seybold, E. C., Stewart, B., Walls, L., Blouin, M. R., Toolin, R. E., Chorover, J., & Lewis, C. (2023) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef002812 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A quantitative assessment of the frequency and magnitude of heterogeneous treatment effects in studies of the health effects of social policies
Cintron, D. W., Gottlieb, L. M., Hagan, E., Tan, M. L., Vlahov, D., Glymour, M. M., & Matthay, E. C. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101352 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Race-based biases in psychological distress and treatment judgments
Kunstman, J. W., Ogungbadero, T., Deska, J. C., Bernstein, M. J., Smith, A. R., & Hugenberg, K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293078 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Selective Incivility Toward Black Employees Fuels Social Pain Minimization and Defensive Silence
Benbow, K. L., Sawhney, G., & Kunstman, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-024-09991-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Enough is enough: Identifying and overcoming acts of anti-Black performative allyship in the peer-review process
Rice, D. B., Stewart, O. J., Melaku, T. M., & Young, N. C. J. (2025) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084241282236 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Call to Action: Six Anti-Black Racism Topics Practitioners Encourage Researchers to Investigate
McCleary-Gaddy, A. T., Smith, C. C., & Davis, J. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09839-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Inclusion Tax: The Price of the Ticket in White Spaces
Melaku, T. M. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05726-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Increasing Black Employees’ Social Identity Affirmation and Organizational Involvement: Reducing Social Uncertainty Through Organizational and Individual Strategies
Wang, C. S., Ku, G., Smith, A. N., Edwards, B., Scott, E., & Galinsky, A. D. (2024) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2020.14659 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Discrimination on the basis of race and color
Stewart, D., Myeong, H., Silver, E. R., King, E. B., Matos, J. M., Thomas, H. A., & Hebl, M. R. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
The individual, relational and societal costs of striving to feel good
Ford, B. Q. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00476-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Research with Black Communities to Inform Co-Development of a Framework for Anti-Racist Health and Community Programming
Canie, J., Tobah, S., Sanchez, A.-M., & Wathen, C. N. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241254883 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Sociobehavioral Model of Racism against the Black Community and Avenues for Anti-Racism Research
Belisle, J., Payne, A. N., & Paliliunas, D. (2022) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-022-00702-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diversities at US Colleges and Universities: Online Diversity Statements at Institutions Employing Chief Diversity Officers
Unangst, L., Borg, N., Connors, I. C., & Barone, N. I. (2022) · Journal of Higher Education Policy And Leadership Studies · doi:10.52547/johepal.3.3.16 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The DEI Industrial Complex
Gray, A., Blackman-Richards, N., & Rodgers, S. T. (2022) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3564-9.ch013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Power of Faculty: Transformative Agents of Change for the Profession
Morris, L. R., & Bellon-Harn, M. L. (2021) · Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders · doi:10.30707/tlcsd5.3.1649037688.734156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
‘Ain't I a Nurse’, implementing a digital illustration of resistance when challenging anti‐Black racism in nursing education
Prendergast, N. (2024) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.12494 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are Employees Committed to Diversity at Work and in Their Personal Lives? The Role of Organizational Antiracist Signaling Following a Racial Injustice Event
Volpone, S. D., Casper, W. J., Wayne, J. H., & White, M. L. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22315 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
What’s With All This Race Talk Anyway? A Literature Review on Antiracist Education
Sandiford, A. (2024) · in education · doi:10.37119/ojs2024.v29i1.743 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
We Know a Lot, but Not Nearly Enough: Introduction to the CJCCJ Special Issue on Desistance
Mccuish, E. C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.3138/cjccj.2020-0022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Not All White Supremacists Wear Robes and Hoods
Ng, E. S. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-325-320251008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A (costly) penny for your thoughts? Allies cause harm by seeking marginalized group members' help when confronting prejudice
Osborne, M. R., Anicich, E. M., & Dupree, C. H. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104865 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CERModerated Discussion on “‘Participation Does Not Equal Voice’: Gendered Experiences in an Academic and Professional Society”
Wotipka, C. M., Anderson, E. W., Vanner, C., Kelly, K. K., Lukose, R. A., Takayama, K., Blanco, G. L., Webster, N. S., & Ohito, E. O. (2021) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/714990 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anti-Racism in the Criminal Justice System, A Brief Literature GAP: Review
Clingan, P. D. (2024) · SPAST Reports. · doi:10.69848/sreports.v1i2.7
Diversity, inclusion, and belonging practices, impacts on underrepresented minorities
Prins, G. (2022) · doi:10.17760/d20439315
Black Women Faculty Also Matter
Allie-Turco, P. (2023) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8597-2.ch007
4 ways white people can be accountable for addressing anti-Black racism at universities
Coen-Sanchez, K. (2021) · doi:10.64628/aam.65aed5tjj
Recasting the M.O.L.D. Through Relational Coordination: Using Default-Challenging Language to Address Systemic InequalityPreprint
Teschner, R. S., Arena, D. F., & Hall, A. V. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6447722
School-Based Anti-racism Interventions
Priest, N., & Doery, K. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009351478.024
Included but undermined: How representation goals backfire
Osborne, M. R., Roberson, J. W., & Tost, L. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cse5r_v2

Reflections from the Guest Editorial Team: Black Racial Injustice: Personal Reflections to Change Strategies
Gibson, P. A., Valandra, Gray, P. A., & Chaisson, R. (2022) · Reflections: Narratives of Professional Helping
Police brutality and four other ways racism kills Black people
Holmes, O. (2020) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-06-2020-0151 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Looking Back, Moving Forward: Reflection on Race and Racism
Canepa-Anson, A. (2020) · Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/pcsoj-6-153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Learning From the Past and Working in the Present to Create an Antiracist Future for Academic Medicine
Ross, P. T., Lypson, M. L., Byington, C. L., Sánchez, J. P., Wong, B. M., & Kumagai, A. K. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003756 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
How academia should respond to racism
Gray, D. M., Joseph, J. J., Glover, A. R., & Olayiwola, J. N. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0349-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Authors: Boykin, C. M., Brown, N. D., Carter, J. T., Dukes, K., Green, D. J., Harrison, T., Hebl, M., McCleary-Gaddy, A., Membere, A., McJunkins, C. A., Simmons, C., Singletary Walker, S., Smith, A. N., & Williams, A. D.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Columbia University (US)
Allegheny College (US)
Indiana University Bloomington (US)
Rice University (US)
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
California State University, Dominguez Hills (US)
Yale University (US)
Oklahoma State University (US)
California Polytechnic State University (US)
Corresponding author: Hebl, Mikki
ORCID: Boykin, C. Malik
Brown, N. Derek
Carter, James T.
Dukes, Kristin
Green, Dorainne J.
Hebl, Mikki
McCleary-Gaddy, Asia
Membere, Ashley
McJunkins, Cordy A.
Simmons, Cortney
Smith, Alexis Nicole
Williams, Amber D.
Venue: Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal
Publisher: Emerald
Published: 2020-07-16
Volume: 39
Issue: 7
Pages: 775-786
ISSN: 2040-7149 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1108/edi-06-2020-0158
OpenAlex: W3042440701
Cited by: 50
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 11.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: cc-by-nd
www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)
Locations: Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal (publishedVersion)
eCommons (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Keywords: racism, anti-racism, accountability, police brutality, structural racism, Black people, anti-racist education, structural reforms, allyship

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Anti-racist actions and accountability: not more empty promises

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks