Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness

May combine two claims.

Big Data stored in the Cloud provide novel and powerful insights regarding behaviour, business transactions and human impacts, enabling real-time decision-making.

“Often referred to as Big Data and stored in data warehouses called the Cloud, these data streams provide novel and powerful insights regarding behaviour, business transactions and human impacts, enabling real-time decision-making (Kitchin, 2013).”

• cites Kitchin, 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion and “The real-time city” section say that big-data analytics provide insights into city life and support real-time analysis and decision-making. “Big data and cities” also describes data on people’s behaviour and transactions. The paper discusses distributed storage, but does not identify the Cloud as a data warehouse or say these streams are stored there; that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Implementing smartness within tourism destinations has become critical because the connected, better informed and engaged tourist is dynamically interacting with the destination, co-creating tourism products and adding value for all to share.

“Implementing smartness within tourism destinations has become critical since the connected, better informed and engaged tourist is dynamically interacting with the destination, co-creating tourism products and adding value for all to share (Neuhofer et al. 2012).”

• cites Neuhofer et al. 2012 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This calls for the development of a holistic framework or theory in which cocreation is recognized as a common practise.

“This calls for the development of a holistic framework or theory in which cocreation is recognized as a common practise (Albino et al., 2015;Hollands, 2015;Meijer and Bolívar, 2015).”

• cites Albino et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hollands, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion (page unavailable) calls for broader sociopolitical understandings of smart cities and attention to citizen-led initiatives. The Introduction and “Interventions in the corporate smart city” (pages unavailable) also discuss collaborative, participatory projects. But the paper does not call for a holistic framework or theory that recognizes cocreation as common practice; it describes the examples as small-scale and fledgling. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Meijer and Bolívar, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Components such as the presence of a knowledgeable workforce and integrating all members of society contribute to the success of smartness in smart tourism destinations.

“Components such as the presence of a knowledgeable workforce (Berry and Glaeser, 2005) and integrating all members of society (Cohen, 2014a;Malek and Costa, 2015) contribute to the success of smartness in smart tourism destinations.”

• cites Berry and Glaeser, 2005 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Conclusion describe skilled workers as contributors to urban agglomeration: skilled entrepreneurs may create jobs that attract other skilled workers. This supports the cited point about the value of a knowledgeable workforce, but the paper does not establish that such a workforce contributes to success in smart tourism destinations. The separate claim about integrating all members of society is attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Cohen, 2014aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Malek and Costa, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Living Labs are critical for innovation and their implementation in smart cities has been greatly emphasised.

“Living Labs are critical for innovation (Cosgrave et al., 2013) and their implementation in smart cities has been greatly emphasised (Bakici et al., 2013).”

• cites Cosgrave et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Bakici et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A bottom-up approach often disregards the importance of governmental bodies.

“In line with this, Dameri (2013) argues a bottom-up approach often disregards the importance of governmental bodies.”

• cites Dameri (2013) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki were ranked as the three cities yielding the most innovative smart solutions in Europe and were selected as cases for this research.

“Out of these six, Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki were ranked as the three cities yielding the most innovative smart solutions in Europe and were selected as cases for this research.”

• cites European Union, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Smartness is driven by innovation and innovation drives smartness.

“When exploring the cases it becomes obvious that smartness is driven by innovation and innovation drives smartness.”

May combine two claims.

In Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki, innovation is the outcome of all practises undertaken and is highly promoted and strongly empowered by ICT capability.

“In Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki, innovation is the outcome of all practises undertaken and is highly promoted and strongly empowered by ICT capability (Brinkman, 2011;European Union, 2014).”

• cites Brinkman, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites European Union, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In this study, Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki recognise the importance of Living Labs and have implemented the concept within different urban areas.

“In this study, Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki recognise the importance of Living Labs and have implemented the concept within different urban areas.”

May combine two claims.

Amsterdam and Helsinki implement a bottom-up approach, setting up platforms based on partnerships between public, private, academic and citizen groups.

“Whilst Barcelona takes a top-down management approach, Amsterdam and Helsinki implement a bottom-up approach.”

• Also stated in: § 4.4. Leadership · plain

  “On the contrary, Amsterdam and Helsinki take on a bottom-up management style, where they both set up platforms based on partnerships between public, private, academic and citizen groups.”

May combine two claims.

The analysis indicated that Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki put great emphasis on the establishment of social capital and on the enhancement of collaboration between the various stakeholders.

“The analysis indicated that Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki put great emphasis on the establishment of social capital and on the enhancement of collaboration between the various stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Collaboration, co-creation and co-development are vital for the participative approach in Amsterdam and are perceived as drivers for value creation for all.

“Further, collaboration, co-creation and co-development are vital for the participative approach in Amsterdam and are perceived as the drivers for value creation for all (European Union, 2014).”

• cites European Union, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki present themselves as implementing a triple helix model, a quadruple helix model, and an ecosystem structure respectively.

“Barcelona, Amsterdam and Helsinki present themselves as cities implementing a “triple helix” model, a “quadruple helix” model and an “ecosystem” structure respectively (Bakici et al., 2013;Baron, 2013;Forum Virium Helsinki, 2014).”

• cites Bakici et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Baron, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Forum Virium Helsinki, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Barcelona emphasises collaboration between public, private, academic organisation and citizens, especially in the 22@ Innovation District, but management and initiatives are often introduced by top-management.

“Even though Barcelona emphasises the collaboration between public, private, academic organisation and citizens, especially in the 22@ Innovation District, the management and initiatives are often introduced by top-management (Bakici et al., 2013).”

• cites Bakici et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This research underpinned the presence of hard smartness and identified four soft smartness components that are critical for developing smart places ecosystems.

“This research underpinned the presence of hard smartness and identified four soft smartness components that are critical for developing smart places ecosystems.”

May combine two claims.

The case studies clearly illustrate that smartness is being developed on revolutionary technology as well as innovation, social and human capital, and leadership.

“The case studies clearly illustrate that smartness is being developed on revolutionary technology as well as innovation, social and human capital, and leadership.”

May combine two claims.

ICT is a critical enabler for smart tourism destinations but is insufficient on its own to introduce smartness.

“Although ICT is a critical enabler for smart tourism destinations, it is insufficient on its own to introduce smartness.”

May combine two claims.

The combination of hard and soft smartness components, within a S-D logic ecosystem structure, holds the potential for sustained competitive advantage and enhancement of quality of life of both residents and tourists in smart tourism destinations.

“It is argued that the combination of hard and soft smartness components, within a S-D logic ecosystem structure, holds the potential for sustained competitive advantage and enhancement of quality of life of both residents and tourists in smart tourism destinations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

S-D logic posits collaboration between heterogeneous actors towards value creation and postulates their interaction within a dynamic ecosystem through the voluntary exchange of operant resources.

“S-D logic posits the collaboration between heterogeneous actors towards value creation (Vargo and Lusch, 2008) and postulates their interaction within a dynamic ecosystem (Wieland et al., 2012) through the voluntary exchange of operant resources (Lusch and Vargo, 2014).”

• cites Vargo and Lusch, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wieland et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lusch and Vargo, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smartness has become a vital component in tourism destination management and marketing.

“Thus, smartness has become a vital component in tourism destination management and marketing.”

May combine two claims.

To date, the majority of research on the smart tourism destination is conceptual and mainly focused on tourism business-led development and co-creation activities to enhance the tourist experience.

“To date, the majority of research on the smart tourism destination is conceptual and mainly focused on the emphasis of tourism business-led development and co-creation activities to enhance the tourist experience (Wang et al., 2013;Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014;Gretzel et al., 2015).”

• cites Wang et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gretzel et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A commonly agreed upon aspect of the smart tourism destination is ICT, identified as hard smartness.

“A commonly agreed upon aspect of the smart tourism destination is ICT, identified as hard smartness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Integrating the different components of smartness provides managers with strategic tools to implement innovation within the smart tourism framework in a way that creates value for all stakeholders in the destination and the tourism industry in general.

“Integrating the different components of smartness provides managers with strategic tools to implement innovation within the smart tourism framework in a way so that it creates value for all stakeholders in the destination and the tourism industry in general (Buhalis, 2015, Buhalis, andAmaranggana, 2014).”

• cites Buhalis, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Buhalis, andAmaranggana, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ultimate goal of smart places is to increase competitiveness and enhance quality of life of all stakeholders, including residents and tourists.

“The ultimate goal of smart places is to increase competitiveness and enhance quality of life of all stakeholders, including residents and tourists (Caragliu et al., 2011;Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014).”

• cites Caragliu et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Smartness remains a fragmented concept, illustrated by the disparity in definitions of smart cities.

“Still, smartness remains a fragmented concept (Meijer and Bolívar, 2015) illustrated by the disparity in definitions of smart cities (Table 1).”

• cites Meijer and Bolívar, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cities are more mature in implementing smartness and thus provide the context for this research.

“Hence, they are more mature in implementing smartness and thus provide the context for this research.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Adopting the case study approach offers holistic insights regarding the core components of smartness, through the analysis of reports, studies, news articles and other text sensitive documentation.

“Adopting the case study approach offers holistic insights regarding the core components of smartness, through the analysis of reports, studies, news articles and other text sensitive documentation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Adopting the case study approach offers holistic insights regarding the core components of smartness.

May combine two claims.

This increases the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and thus provides the ability to develop competitive advantage for smart tourism destinations.

“This increases the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and thus provides the ability to develop competitive advantage for smart tourism destinations (Wang et al., 2013;Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014).”

• cites Wang et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Buhalis and Amaranggana, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A comprehensive coverage of complementary material is required to explore all aspect of smartness.

“A comprehensive coverage of complementary material is required to explore all aspect of smartness.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A comprehensive coverage of complementary material is required to explore all aspect of smartness.

May combine two claims.

Developing Living Labs encourages the innovation process to take place amongst all levels of the community, since ICT acts as the catalysts for bringing various actors together as the backbone of innovation.

“Developing Living Labs also encourages the innovation process to take place amongst all levels of the community, since ICT acts as the catalysts for bringing various actors together as the backbone of innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Commercial documents or reports delivered by technology companies have been excluded to avoid bias.

“Commercial documents or reports delivered by technology companies have been excluded to avoid bias.”

May combine two claims.

Human capital is supported via the presence of social capital and vice versa.

“In this vein, human capital is supported via the presence of social capital and vice versa.”

May combine two claims.

Innovation is both a critical input and outcome of the integration of smartness within smart places.

“Innovation is both a critical input and outcome of the integration of smartness within smart places.”

May combine two claims.

Innovation has always been significant to competitiveness and is vital for the competitiveness of smart cities and tourism destinations.

“Innovation has always been significant to competitiveness (Porter, 1998) and is vital for the competitiveness of smart cities (Hielkema and Hongisto, 2013) and tourism destinations (Hjalager, 2010).”

• cites Porter, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hielkema and Hongisto, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hjalager, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the analysis of any case study cannot be fully exhaustive, the majority of the in-depth published documents on the cases researched were included in this study.

“Although the analysis of any case study cannot be fully exhaustive, the majority of the in-depth published documents on the cases researched were included in this study.”

May combine two claims.

This data is accessible to all stakeholders and provides analytics to entrepreneurs, creative communities and research institutions in order to encourage further innovation and to contribute to the success of smart cities.

“This data is accessible to all stakeholders and provides analytics to entrepreneurs, creative communities and research institutions in order to encourage further innovation and to contribute to the success of smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The S-D logic ecosystem provides a more compelling and encompassing perspective to study innovation by introducing the involvement of all actors within the ecosystem rather than solely focusing on the innovation abilities of private actors.

“The S-D logic ecosystem provides a more compelling and encompassing perspective to study innovation (Akaka and Vargo, 2014) by introducing the involvement of all actors within the ecosystem rather than solely focusing on the innovation abilities of private actors.”

• cites Akaka and Vargo, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Governments play a crucial role in developing the vision and in providing a quality ICT infrastructure.

“Still, governments play a crucial role in developing the vision and in providing a quality ICT infrastructure.”

• cites Dameri, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Meijer and Bolívar, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Smart cities shall be perceived as hubs where human capital is developed in a virtuous circle.

“Smart cities shall be perceived as hubs where human capital is developed in a virtuous circle.”

May combine two claims.

The rich interactions identified in the analysed smart cities hold the ability to create value for all and enhance the competitiveness of the smart tourism destination.

“Consequently, the rich interactions identified in the analysed smart cities hold the ability to create value for all and enhance the competitiveness of the smart tourism destination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The adoption of technology as the backbone of smartness depends on the leadership approach.

“Spencer et al. (2012) argue that the adoption of technology as the backbone of smartness depends on the leadership approach.”

• cites Spencer et al. (2012) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Leadership corroborated with the presence of institutional logics in S-D logic is the shaper of value co-creation.

“Leadership corroborated with the presence of institutional logics in S-D logic and is perceived as the shaper of value co-creation (Wieland et al., 2012).”

• cites Wieland et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Enhancing human capital propels collective intelligence and the cross-linking of knowledge ultimately creating a smart (in the sense of intelligent) city or tourism destination.

“Hence, enhancing human capital propels collective intelligence and the cross-linking of knowledge ultimately creating a smart (in the sense of intelligent) city or tourism destination.”

May combine two claims.

The smart city embraces and facilitates bottom-up approaches but is not a sole bottom-up concept.

“While citizens are increasingly playing a prominent role, the smart city embraces and facilitates bottom-up approaches but is not a sole bottom-up concept.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Smart tourism destination management has become more complex since current developments in technology have empowered the collective integration of resources for value co-creation by all actors within the smart tourism destination ecosystem.

“Smart tourism destination management has become more complex since current developments in technology have empowered the collective integration of resources for value co-creation by all actors within the smart tourism destination ecosystem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

S-D logic has been postulated as a meaningful theoretical approach towards the development of smart tourism destinations and can provide an underpinning for understanding the value co-creation process at the core of every smart initiative.

“S-D logic has been postulated as a meaningful theoretical approach towards the development of smart tourism destinations and can provide an underpinning for understanding the value co-creation process at the core of every smart initiative.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

S-D logic states that all social and economic actors are resource integrators and operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantage.

“S-D logic states that “all social and economic actors are resource integrators” and “operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantage” (Vargo and Lusch, 2008, p.7).”

• cites Vargo and Lusch, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Such a socio-technical structure facilitates collective intelligence, in which social capital plays the facilitation role.

“Such a socio-technical structure facilitates collective intelligence (Orlikowski, 1992), in which social capital plays the facilitation role.”

• cites Orlikowski, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The unique interaction between human capital and ICT enhances collaboration facilitated by social capital.

“The unique interaction between the two components enhances collaboration facilitated by social capital.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Separately, ICT, people and leadership are solely individual concepts and only intertwined and interconnected within the ecosystem, becoming meaningful contributors to the smart tourism destinations.

“However, separately they are solely individual concepts and only intertwined and interconnected within the ecosystem, becoming meaningful contributors to the smart tourism destinations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Smart City Wheel dimensions are a defined set of outcomes for any smart place.

“The Smart City Wheel dimensions are a defined set of outcomes for any smart place (Cohen, 2011).”

• cites Cohen, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

From a S-D logic lens and smart city perspective, human capital and ICT, as core components, take on the role of resources within smart places and are critical to value co-creation and competitiveness.

“Overall, from a S-D logic lens and smart city perspective human capital and ICT, as core components, take on the role of resources within smart places and are critical to value co-creation and competitiveness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Grounded in the philosophy that society shapes technology and technology simultaneously shapes society, a circular relationship between ICT and people at the centre of the ecosystem can be recognised.

“Grounded in the philosophy that society shapes technology and technology simultaneously shapes society (Bijker and Pinch 1987), a circular relationship between ICT and people at the centre of the ecosystem can be recognised.”

• cites Bijker and Pinch 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This unique combination of interconnected and interoperable technological systems and knowledgeable people enhances the potential for sustained competitive advantage in tourism destinations.

“This unique combination of interconnected and interoperable technological systems and knowledgeable people enhances the potential for sustained competitive advantage in tourism destinations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The connection of the different components is enhanced through shared institutional logics and leadership that enables the co-creation of the innovation component, identified as the outcome of service exchange between ecosystem actors.

“The connection of the different components is enhanced through shared institutional logics and leadership that enables the co-creation of the innovation component, identified as the outcome of service exchange between ecosystem actors.”