Active appearance models
Abstract
. We demonstrate a novel method of interpreting images using an Active Appearance Model (AAM). An AAM contains a statistical model of the shape and grey-level appearance of the object of interest which can generalise to almost any valid example. During a training phase we learn the relationship between model parameter displacements and the residual errors induced between a training image and a synthesised model example. To match to an image we measure the current residuals and use the model to predict changes to the current parameters, leading to a better fit. A good overall match is obtained in a few iterations, even from poor starting estimates. We describe the technique in detail and give results of quantitative performance tests. We anticipate that the AAM algorithm will be an important method for locating deformable objects in many applications. 1 Introduction Model-based approaches to the interpretation of images of variable objects are now attracting considerable interest [6][8...
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
AAM is one of the most used methods for 2D face registration.
“Active Appearance Models (AAM) [77] is one of the most used methods for 2D face registration.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [77]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models
Felzenszwalb, P. F., Girshick, R. B., McAllester, D., & Ramanan, D. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2009.167 · Cited by 9,853 · see citing works
Joint Face Detection and Alignment Using Multitask Cascaded Convolutional Networks
Zhang, K., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., & Qiao, Y. (2016) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2016.2603342 · Cited by 6,214 · see citing works
Lucey, P., Cohn, J. F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., & Matthews, I. (2010) · 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Workshops · doi:10.1109/cvprw.2010.5543262 · Cited by 4,303 · see citing works
Incremental Learning for Robust Visual Tracking
Ross, D. A., Lim, J., Lin, R.-S., & Yang, M.-H. (2008) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-007-0075-7 · Cited by 3,061 · see citing works
A review of affective computing: From unimodal analysis to multimodal fusion
Poria, S., Cambria, E., Bajpai, R., & Hussain, A. (2017) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2017.02.003 · Cited by 1,644 · see citing works
Synthesizing Obama: learning lip sync from audio
Suwajanakorn, S., Seitz, S. M., & Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, I. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/3072959.3073640 · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
Evaluation of prostate segmentation algorithms for mri: The promise12 challenge
Litjens, G., Toth, R., van de Ven, W., Hoeks, C., Kerkstra, S., van Ginneken, B., Vincent, G., Guillard, G., Birbeck, N., Zhang, J., et al. (2014) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2013.12.002 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
BP4D-Spontaneous: a high-resolution spontaneous 3D dynamic facial expression database
Zhang, X., Yin, L., Cohn, J. F., Canavan, S., Reale, M., Horowitz, A., Liu, P., & Girard, J. M. (2014) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2014.06.002 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain
Chang, L., & Tsao, D. Y. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition.
Susskind, J. M., Lee, D. H., Cusi, A., Feiman, R., Grabski, W., & Anderson, A. K. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2138 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Corneanu, C. A., Simon, M. O., Cohn, J. F., & Guerrero, S. E. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2515606 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Detecting depression from facial actions and vocal prosody
Cohn, J. F., Kruez, T. S., Matthews, I., Yang, Y., Nguyen, M. H., Padilla, M. T., Zhou, F., & De la Torre, F. (2009) · 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2009.5349358 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Gross, R., Matthews, I., Cohn, J., Kanade, T., & Baker, S. (2008) · 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/afgr.2008.4813399 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Realtime performance-based facial animation
Weise, T., Bouaziz, S., Li, H., & Pauly, M. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/2010324.1964972 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The painful face – Pain expression recognition using active appearance models
Ashraf, A. B., Lucey, S., Cohn, J. F., Chen, T., Ambadar, Z., Prkachin, K. M., & Solomon, P. E. (2009) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2009.05.007 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Face swapping: automatically replacing faces in photographs
Bitouk, D., Kumar, N., Dhillon, S., Belhumeur, P., & Nayar, S. K. (2008) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/1360612.1360638 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Opromolla, R., Fasano, G., Rufino, G., & Grassi, M. (2017) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.07.001 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Deep Pain: Exploiting Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Facial Expression Classification
Rodriguez, P., Cucurull, G., Gonzalez, J., Gonfaus, J. M., Nasrollahi, K., Moeslund, T. B., & Roca, F. X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2017.2662199 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Car that Knows Before You Do: Anticipating Maneuvers via Learning Temporal Driving Models
Jain, A., Koppula, H. S., Raghavan, B., Soh, S., & Saxena, A. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.364 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Medical image segmentation on GPUs – A comprehensive review
Smistad, E., Falch, T. L., Bozorgi, M., Elster, A. C., & Lindseth, F. (2015) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2014.10.012 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Nonverbal social withdrawal in depression: Evidence from manual and automatic analyses
Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., Mahoor, M. H., Mavadati, S. M., Hammal, Z., & Rosenwald, D. P. (2014) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2013.12.007 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Continuous Pain Intensity Estimation from Facial Expressions
Kaltwang, S., Rudovic, O., & Pantic, M. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33191-6_36 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
AffectAura: an intelligent system for emotional memory
McDuff, D., Karlson, A., Kapoor, A., Roseway, A., & Czerwinski, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208525 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Carneiro, G., Georgescu, B., Good, S., & Comaniciu, D. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2008.928917 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Facial Expression Recognition: A Survey
Huang, Y., Chen, F., Lv, S., & Wang, X. (2019) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym11101189 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Automatic detection of pain intensity
Hammal, Z., & Cohn, J. F. (2012) · Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction · doi:10.1145/2388676.2388688 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Investigating Spontaneous Facial Action Recognition through AAM Representations of the Face
Lucey, S., Bilal, A., & F., J. (2007) · Face Recognition · doi:10.5772/4841 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
LUVLi Face Alignment: Estimating Landmarks’ Location, Uncertainty, and Visibility Likelihood
Kumar, A., Marks, T. K., Mou, W., Wang, Y., Jones, M., Cherian, A., Koike-Akino, T., Liu, X., & Feng, C. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00826 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
RSGAN: face swapping and editing using face and hair representation in latent spaces
Natsume, R., Yatagawa, T., & Morishima, S. (2018) · ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Posters · doi:10.1145/3230744.3230818 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A survey on face data augmentation for the training of deep neural networks
Wang, X., Wang, K., & Lian, S. (2020) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-020-04748-3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Pan, B., Hirota, K., Jia, Z., & Dai, Y. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126866 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Pose estimation for spacecraft relative navigation using model-based algorithms
Opromolla, R., Fasano, G., Rufino, G., & Grassi, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2650785 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Facial expression recognition using Gabor motion energy filters
Wu, T., Bartlett, M. S., & Movellan, J. R. (2010) · 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Workshops · doi:10.1109/cvprw.2010.5543267 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Error weighted semi-coupled hidden Markov model for audio-visual emotion recognition
Lin, J.-C., Wu, C.-H., & Wei, W.-L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2011.2171334 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Medical Image Segmentation: Methods and Software
Withey, D. J., & Koles, Z. J. (2007) · 2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and the International Conference on Functional Biomedical Imaging · doi:10.1109/nfsi-icfbi.2007.4387709 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Training an Active Random Field for Real-Time Image Denoising
Barbu, A. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2028254 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Relative pose estimation for cylinder-shaped spacecrafts using single image
Liu, C., & Hu, W. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2014.120757 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Real-Time Abnormal Object Detection for Video Surveillance in Smart Cities
Ingle, P. Y., & Kim, Y.-G. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103862 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Computing Accurate Correspondences across Groups of Images
Cootes, T. F., Twining, C. J., Petrovic, V. S., Babalola, K. O., & Taylor, C. J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2009.193 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationIncorporating prior knowledge in medical image segmentation: a survey
Nosrati, M. S., & Hamarneh, G. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1607.01092 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Expression Recognition Method Based on a Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network
Zhao, G., Yang, H., & Yu, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2964752 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Estimating smile intensity: A better way
Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., & De la Torre, F. (2015) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2014.10.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a foveated video streaming service for commodity client devices
Ryoo, J., Yun, K., Samaras, D., Das, S. R., & Zelinsky, G. (2016) · Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1145/2910017.2910592 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Soladié, C., Salam, H., Pelachaud, C., Stoiber, N., & Séguier, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction · doi:10.1145/2388676.2388782 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Dellandréa, E., Zou, J., & Chen, L. (2013) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2012.10.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cha, J., Kim, J., & Kim, S. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19204441 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chaspari, T., Soldatos, C., & Maragos, P. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1012228 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Who do you want to be? Real-time face swap
den Uyl, T. M., Tasli, H. E., Ivan, P., & Snijdewind, M. (2015) · 2015 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG) · doi:10.1109/fg.2015.7163172 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cootes, T. F., Edwards, G. J., & Taylor, C. J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 681-685
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152826865
- Cited by
- 5,409
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 198 · 2020: 213 · 2019: 272 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 338 · 2016: 324 · 2015: 400 · 2014: 369 · 2013: 340 · 2012: 308
- FWCI
- 97.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- active appearance models, image interpretation, statistical shape models, model parameter estimation, image matching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review