A Systematic Review of Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks, Defensive Controls and Technologies
Open accessAbstract
Adversarial machine learning (AML) attacks have become a major concern for organizations in recent years, as AI has become the industry’s focal point and GenAI applications have grown in popularity around the world. Organizations are eager to invest in GenAI applications and develop their own large language models, but they face numerous security and data privacy issues, particularly AML attacks. AML attacks have jeopardized numerous large-scale machine learning models. If carried out successfully, AML attacks can significantly reduce the efficiency and precision of machine learning models. They have far-reaching negative consequences in the context of critical healthcare and autonomous transportation systems. In this paper, AML attacks are identified, analyzed, and classified using adversarial tactics and techniques. This research also recommends open-source tools for testing AI and ML models against AML attacks. Furthermore, this research suggests specific mitigating measures against each attack. It aims to serve as a guidance for organizations to defend against AML attacks and gain assurance in the security of ML models.
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Defense techniques such as adversarial training, where the model is pre-trained with adversarial samples, have displayed promise.
“Defense techniques such as adversarial training, where the model is pre-trained with adversarial samples, have displayed promise.”
From Federated Learning in Smart Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review on Privacy, Security, and Predictive Analytics with IoT Integration (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
Robust aggregation methods evaluate model updates for anomalies before they are integrated into the global model.
“Another promising technique is robust aggregation methods, where model updates are evaluated for anomalies before being integrated into the global model [72,73].”
From Federated Learning in Smart Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review on Privacy, Security, and Predictive Analytics with IoT Integration (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
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Kamath, H. G., Kumar, G. K. S., & Samanth, S. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3729667
Can I Bypass Reviewer 2? A Preliminary Study on LLMs Vulnerabilities for Scientific Reviews
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Adaptive Multi-Layer Defense Framework for Emerging Adversarial Attacks
Durga, B. V., Vathsankitha, A. S., Sathwika, A., & Sri, A. N. (2026) · International Conference on Secure Information Systems and Technologies (ICSIST) · doi:10.1109/icsist70215.2026.11706376
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Ethical AI and Responsible Data Use in Education
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- Authors
- Malik, J., Muthalagu, R., & Pawar, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Dubai Campus (AE)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 99382-99421
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400314861
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani for paying the Article Processing Charges (APC) of this publication
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Security and Verification in Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
- Keywords
- adversarial machine learning attacks, machine learning security, large language models, generative AI security, attack classification, defense mechanisms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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