A Study on the Effect of Contact Pressure during Physical Activity on Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Measurements
Open accessAbstract
Heart rate (HR) as an important physiological indicator could properly describe global subject’s physical status. Photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors are catching on in field of wearable sensors, combining the advantages in costs, weight and size. Nevertheless, accuracy in HR readings is unreliable specifically during physical activity. Among several identified sources that affect PPG recording, contact pressure (CP) between the PPG sensor and skin greatly influences the signals. Methods: In this study, the accuracy of HR measurements of a PPG sensor at different CP was investigated when compared with a commercial ECG-based chest strap used as a test control, with the aim of determining the optimal CP to produce a reliable signal during physical activity. Seventeen subjects were enrolled for the study to perform a physical activity at three different rates repeated at three different contact pressures of the PPG-based wristband. Results: The results show that the CP of 54 mmHg provides the most accurate outcome with a Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.81 to 0.95 and a mean average percentage error ranging from 3.8% to 2.4%, based on the physical activity rate. Conclusion: Authors found that changes in the CP have greater effects on PPG-HR signal quality than those deriving from the intensity of the physical activity and specifically, the individual best CP for each subject provided reliable HR measurements even for a high intensity of physical exercise with a Bland–Altman plot within ±11 bpm. Although future studies on a larger cohort of subjects are still needed, this study could contribute a profitable indication to enhance accuracy of PPG-based wearable devices.
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Higher contact pressures have been found to increase the accuracy of heart rate monitoring during exercise.
“Higher contact pressures have been found to increase the accuracy of HR monitoring during exercise [71].”
From Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Scardulla, F., D’Acquisto, L., Colombarini, R., Hu, S., Pasta, S., & Bellavia, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Palermo (IT)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Scardulla, Francesco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-05
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 5052
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7570982
- OpenAlex
- W3083287016
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Loughborough University
- Università degli Studi di Palermo
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, heart rate measurement, contact pressure, physical activity, wearable sensors, wristband, chest strap, signal quality, exercise intensity
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Heart Rate, Humans, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Exercise, Photoplethysmography
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