The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-Driving Urban Vehicles
Open accessAbstract
Self-driving vehicles are a maturing technology with the potential to reshape mobility by enhancing the safety, accessibility, efficiency, and convenience of automotive transportation. Safety-critical tasks that must be executed by a self-driving vehicle include planning of motions through a dynamic environment shared with other vehicles and pedestrians, and their robust executions via feedback control. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state of the art on planning and control algorithms with particular regard to the urban setting. A selection of proposed techniques is reviewed along with a discussion of their effectiveness. The surveyed approaches differ in the vehicle mobility model used, in assumptions on the structure of the environment, and in computational requirements. The side by side comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of the reviewed approaches and assists with system level design choices.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths
Hart, P., Nilsson, N., & Raphael, B. (1968) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tssc.1968.300136 · Cited by 12,738
Constrained model predictive control: Stability and optimality
Mayne, D. Q., Rawlings, J. B., Rao, C. V., & Scokaert, P. O. M. (2000) · Automatica · doi:10.1016/s0005-1098(99)00214-9 · Cited by 8,736
Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces
Kavraki, L. E., Svestka, P., Latombe, J.-C., & Overmars, M. H. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation · doi:10.1109/70.508439 · Cited by 6,343 · cited 1×
“[104] advocate the use of random sampling within the framework of Probabilistic Roadmaps (PRM) in order to construct roadmaps in high-dimensional configuration spaces, because unlike grids, they can be naturally run in an anytime fashion.”
BackgroundAutonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge
Urmson, C., Anhalt, J., Bagnell, D., Baker, C., Bittner, R., Clark, M. N., Dolan, J., Duggins, D., Galatali, T., Geyer, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.20255 · Cited by 1,555
Making Bertha Drive—An Autonomous Journey on a Historic Route
Ziegler, J., Bender, P., Schreiber, M., Lategahn, H., Strauss, T., Stiller, C., Dang, T., Franke, U., Appenrodt, N., Keller, C. G., et al. (2014) · IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/mits.2014.2306552 · Cited by 854
Route Planning in Transportation Networks
Bast, H., Delling, D., Goldberg, A., Müller-Hannemann, M., Pajor, T., Sanders, P., Wagner, D., & Werneck, R. F. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49487-6_2 · Cited by 610
A perception‐driven autonomous urban vehicle
Leonard, J., How, J., Teller, S., Berger, M., Campbell, S., Fiore, G., Fletcher, L., Frazzoli, E., Huang, A., Karaman, S., et al. (2008) · Journal of Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.20262 · Cited by 429
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 139
- madrigal, 2015, The trick that makes Google's self-driving cars work, The Atlantic
- 10.1109/IVS.2013.6629491 · doi:10.1109/ivs.2013.6629491
- nilsson, 1969, A mobile automaton: An application of artificial intelligence techniques, 10.21236/ADA459660 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/BF01386390 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/IVS.2011.5940405 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TRO.2013.2291620 · DOI
- 10.1287/trsc.1110.0401 · DOI · Paper page
- goldberg, 0, Computing the shortest path: A search meets graph theory, Proc 16th Annu ACM-SIAM Symp Discrete Algorithms, 156
- 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.122 · DOI · Paper page
- ros, 2012, Visual SLAM for driverless cars: A brief survey, IEEE Workshop on Navigation Perception Accurate Positioning and Mapping for Int Veh
- 10.1109/TITS.2010.2048314 · doi:10.1109/tits.2010.2048314
- 10.1109/TITS.2013.2252901 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TITS.2003.821292 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TVT.2011.2107584 · DOI
- 10.1145/2185632.2185656 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/CDC.2014.7039600 · DOI
- 10.1002/rob.20285 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-0-85729-085-4 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/MED.2007.4433885 · doi:10.1109/med.2007.4433885
- 10.1109/ROBOT.1998.676244 · DOI
- egerstedt, 0, Path planning and robust tracking for a car-like robot, Proc 5th Symp Intell Robot Syst, 237
- 10.1016/j.ejcon.2013.03.004 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.conengprac.2008.05.002 · DOI
- gaspar, 0, Toward global chassis control by integrating the brake and suspension systems, Proc IFAC Symp Advances Automotive Contr, 563
- besselmann, 0, Autonomous vehicle steering using explicit LPV-MPC, Proc Eur Control Conf, 2628
- 10.1109/CDC.2005.1583242 · doi:10.1109/cdc.2005.1583242
- besselmann, 0, Hybrid parameter-varying model predictive control for lateral vehicle stabilization, Proc Eur Control Conf, 1068
- 10.1007/978-3-642-36110-4 · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36110-4
- gáspár, 2012, LPV design of fault-tolerant control for road vehicles, Int J Appl Math Comput Sci, 22, 173, 10.2478/v10006-012-0013-x · doi:10.2478/v10006-012-0013-x
- huang, 2005, LTV controller design for vehicle lateral control under fault in rear sensors, Trans Mechatronics, 10, 1, 10.1109/TMECH.2004.83904410.1109 · doi:10.1109/tmech.2004.83904410.1109
- 10.1080/00423110801927100 · doi:10.1080/00423110801927100
- 10.4271/870421 · doi:10.4271/870421
- 10.2140/pjm.1990.145.367 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2372560 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/9.362899 · doi:10.1109/9.362899
- ventures, 2006, Stanley: The robot that won the DARPA Grand Challenge, J Field Robot, 23, 661, 10.1002/rob.20147 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TCST.2008.2012116 · DOI · Paper page
- goldstein, 1965, Classical Mechanics
- 10.1109/MRA.2011.942114 · doi:10.1109/mra.2011.942114
- 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:6<409::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-0 · DOI · Paper page
- dickmanns, 0, Vehicles capable of dynamic vision, Proc 15th Int Joint Conf Artif Intell, 1577
- 10.1007/BF01212361 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-3-540-73429-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 0, No Hands Across America Journal
- 10.1109/9.277235 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-3-642-03991-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-3-642-36279-8_29 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.15607/RSS.2015.XI.043 · DOI
- luca, 0, Feedback control of a nonholonomic car-like robot, Robot Motion Plannning and Control, 171
- 10.1017/CBO9780511546877 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ITSC.2011.6082928 · DOI
- 10.1109/CDC.2014.7039914 · doi:10.1109/cdc.2014.7039914
- 10.1109/ITSC.2014.6957722 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ITSC.2013.6728533 · DOI
- khalil, 1996, Nonlinear Systems, 3
- 10.1109/TAC.2004.841924 · DOI · Paper page
- hespanha, 2007, Trajectory-tracking and path-following of underactuated autonomous vehicles with parametric modeling uncertainty, Trans Automat Control, 52, 1362, 10.1109/TAC.2007.902731 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0278364911406761 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/70.660866 · doi:10.1109/70.660866
- amidi, 0, Integrated mobile robot control, Proc Fibers, 504
- 10.1145/28869.28874 · DOI · Paper page
- wallace, 0, First results in robot road-following, Proc 9th Int Joint Conf Artif Intell, 1089
- bertsekas, 1999, Nonlinear Programming
- 10.1177/02783640122067453 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1117/12.241081 · doi:10.1117/12.241081
- 10.1007/978-3-319-16595-0_16 · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16595-0_16
- 10.1109/ICRA.2015.7139514 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631297 · DOI
- jiang, 1997, Tracking control of mobile robots: A case study in backstepping, Automatica, 33, 1393
- 10.1177/027836499501400602 · doi:10.1177/027836499501400602
- 10.1002/rob.20031 · doi:10.1002/rob.20031
- 10.1145/179812.179911 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ROBOT.1990.126006 · doi:10.1109/robot.1990.126006
- 10.1163/156855399X00928 · DOI
- camacho, 2013, Model Predictive Control
- 10.1016/0005-1098(89)90002-2 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TCST.2007.894653 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ISIE.2005.1528936 · DOI
- 10.1109/CDC.2007.4434137 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/CDC.2012.6426265 · doi:10.1109/cdc.2012.6426265
- 10.1109/IROS.2011.6094800 · doi:10.1109/iros.2011.6094800
- 10.1109/SFCS.1979.10 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/73393.73410 · doi:10.1145/73393.73410
- 10.1002/rnc.1245 · DOI · Paper page
- lazard, 0, The complexity of the two dimensional curvatureconstrained shortest-path problem, Proc Int Worksh Algorithm Found Robot, 49
- 10.1007/s12239-014-0120-9 · DOI
- 10.1109/ROBOT.2004.1308894 · doi:10.1109/robot.2004.1308894
- kirk, 2012, Optimal Control Theory An Introduction
- 10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1641758 · doi:10.1109/robot.2006.1641758
- 10.1109/ICAR.1991.240412 · DOI
- 10.1109/SFCS.1987.42 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/TITS.2008.2011697 · DOI · Paper page
- canny, 1988, The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning
- 10.1016/j.conengprac.2008.12.001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/IROS.2005.1545549 · DOI · Paper page
- anthony, 0, The focussed D* algorithm for real-time replanning, Proc 14th Int Joint Conf Artif Intell, 95, 1652
- 10.1109/ROBOT.1994.351061 · DOI · Paper page
- wang, 0, Approximation algorithms for curvature-constrained shortest paths, Proc 7th Annu ACM-SIAM Symp Discrete Algorithms, 96, 409
- pohl, 1970, First results on the effect of error in heuristic search, Mach Intell, 5, 219
- 10.1007/978-1-4615-3176-0_8 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/1247069.1247080 · doi:10.1145/1247069.1247080
- 10.1177/0278364915577958 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0196-8858(83)90014-3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/97880.97915 · doi:10.1145/97880.97915
- 10.1177/0278364904045481 · DOI · Paper page
- hansen, 2007, Anytime heuristic search, J Artif Intell Res, 28, 267, 10.1613/jair.2096 · DOI · Paper page
- likhachev, 0, ARA*: Anytime A* with provable bounds on sub-optimality, Proc Adv Neural Inform Process Syst, 767
- 10.1109/TRO.2004.838026 · DOI · Paper page
- jeon, 0, Optimal motion planning with the half-car dynamical model for autonomous high-speed driving, Proc Amer Control Conf, 188
- 10.1109/70.388788 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-3-540-24743-2_10 · DOI
- 10.1109/ROBOT.2010.5509718 · doi:10.1109/robot.2010.5509718
- xin, 2014, China future challenge: Beyond the intelligent vehicle, IEEE Intell Transp Syst Soc Newslett, 16, 8
- 10.1109/ITSC.2011.6082859 · DOI
- 10.1504/IJVAS.2012.051250 · DOI
- 10.1109/TITS.2015.2477556 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICRA.2012.6225177 · DOI · Paper page
- 0, Tesla Motors: Model S Press Kit
- pontryagin, 1987, Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes
- 10.1109/CDC.2010.5717430 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/oca.957 · doi:10.1002/oca.957
- rajamani, 2011, Vehicle Dynamics and Control
- 10.2514/2.4231 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ICRA.2013.6631299 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1115/1.1386788 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ROBOT.1997.619371 · DOI · Paper page
- likhachev, 0, Anytime dynamic A*: An anytime, replanning algorithm, Proc Int Conf Autom Planning Scheduling, 262
- 10.1007/978-3-319-16595-0_14 · DOI
- 10.1109/TCST.2010.2084088 · doi:10.1109/tcst.2010.2084088
- 10.1177/027836402320556421 · DOI · Paper page
- otte, 2015, RRTX: Real-time motion planning/replanning for environments with unpredictable obstacles, Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics XI, 461, 10.1007/978-3-319-16595-0_27 · DOI
- latombe, 2012, Robot Motion Planning, 124
- dolgov, 2008, Practical search techniques in path planning for autonomous driving, Ann Arbor, 1001
- 10.1002/rob.20248 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1137/1015071 · DOI
- chazelle, 1987, Approximation and decomposition of shapes, Adv Robot, 1, 145
- 10.1016/0196-6774(85)90021-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/70.88035 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
CARLA: An open urban driving simulator
Dosovitskiy, A., Ros, G., Codevilla, F., Lopez, A., & Koltun, V. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.03938 · Cited by 3,718
Deep reinforcement learning for autonomous driving: A survey
Kiran, B. R., Sobh, I., Talpaert, V., Mannion, P., Sallab, A. A. A., Yogamani, S., & Perez, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3054625 · Cited by 2,342
A Survey of Autonomous Driving: Common Practices and Emerging Technologies
Yurtsever, E., Lambert, J., Carballo, A., & Takeda, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2983149 · Cited by 1,889
“[20] X X X X X [21] X X X [22] X X [23] X [24] X X X X [25] X X X [26] X [27] X X X X X [28] X X X X Ours X X X X X X X X X”
BackgroundA survey of deep learning techniques for autonomous driving
Grigorescu, S., Trasnea, B., Cocias, T., & Macesanu, G. (2020) · Journal of Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.21918 · Cited by 1,809
Planning and Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles
Schwarting, W., Alonso-Mora, J., & Rus, D. (2018) · Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105157 · Cited by 972
Metadata
- Authors
- Paden, B., Cap, M., Yong, S. Z., Yershov, D., & Frazzoli, E.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-55
- ISSN
- 2379-8858 (ISSN-L)
- 2379-8904
- OpenAlex
- W2343568200
- Cited by
- 2,585
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 108.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-Driving Urban Vehicles. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1109/tiv.2016.2578706
- The paper
- Paden, B., Cap, M., Yong, S. Z., Yershov, D., & Frazzoli, E. (2016). A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-Driving Urban Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2016.2578706
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.