Fascicular perineurium thickness, size, and position affect model predictions of neural excitation
Open accessAbstract
The number of applications using neural prosthetic interfaces is expanding. Computer models are a valuable tool to evaluate stimulation techniques and electrode designs. Although our understanding of neural anatomy has improved, its impact on the effects of neural stimulation is not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of fascicle perineurial thickness, diameter, and position on axonal excitation thresholds and population recruitment using finite element models and NEURON simulations. The perineurial thickness of human fascicles was found to be 3.0% +/- 1.0% of the fascicle diameter. Increased perineurial thickness and fascicle diameter increased activation thresholds. The presence of a large neighboring fascicle caused a significant change in activation of a smaller target fascicle by as much as 80% +/- 11% of the total axon population. Smaller fascicles were recruited at lower amplitudes than neighboring larger fascicles. These effects were further illustrated in a realistic model of a human femoral nerve surrounded by a nerve cuff electrode. The data suggest that fascicular selectivity is strongly dependent upon the anatomy of the nerve being stimulated. Therefore, accurate representations of nerve anatomy are required to develop more accurate computer models to evaluate and optimize nerve electrode designs for neural prosthesis applications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Extra-neural interfaces require higher stimulation currents than intra-fascicular interfaces to achieve sensations because electrodes and nerve fibers are separated by the perineurium.
“Since the electrodes and the nerve fibers are separated by the perineurium, higher stimulation currents are required to achieve sensations than the case of intra-fascicular interfaces (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
From Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review. (2017) · cites this paper as Grinberg et al., 2008
The Discussion (section IV.A; page unavailable) says the perineurium impedes current flow into a fascicle and increases modeled axonal stimulation thresholds. The paper does not compare extra-neural with intra-fascicular interfaces or establish the currents required to produce sensations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSince the contacts of extra-fascicular electrodes are separated from the nerve fibers by the perineurium, higher stimulation currents are required to achieve sensation than for intra-fascicular electrodes.
“However, since the contacts are separated from the nerve fibers by the perineurium, higher stimulation currents are required to achieve sensation than for intra-fascicular electrodes (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
From Biomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface (2015) · cites this paper as Grinberg et al., 2008
The Discussion (§IV.A; page unavailable) says the perineurium increases modeled axonal stimulation thresholds by reducing the potential gradient inside a fascicle. It does not compare extra-fascicular with intra-fascicular electrodes or report currents required to achieve sensation, so those parts of the claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe size of the perineurium is directly proportional to the size of the fascicle.
“This is because the size of the perineurium is directly proportional to the size of the fascicle.”
From Directed stimulation with interfascicular interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
This shunting can cause the current from an extraneural source to be directed away from a larger, more resistive fascicle toward a smaller, less resistive fascicle.
“This shunting can cause the current from an extraneural source to be directed away from a larger, more resistive fascicle toward a smaller, less resistive fascicle [51].”
From Directed stimulation with interfascicular interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
The threshold for activation of a smaller fascicle is generally lower than a larger fascicle.
“The threshold for activation of a smaller fascicle is generally lower than a larger fascicle [51].”
From Directed stimulation with interfascicular interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Neuromuscular Applications
Peckham, P. H., & Knutson, J. S. (2005) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140103 · Cited by 779 · cited 1× · see citing works
“E LECTRICAL stimulation of the nervous system can restore some function in individuals impaired by stroke, spinal cord injury, neural diseases, or trauma [1].”
McIntyre, C. C., Richardson, A. G., & Grill, W. M. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00353.2001 · Cited by 764 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The MRG model was chosen because it accurately represents mammalian axon response to electrical stimulation [36, 37].”
InfluentialFunctionally selective peripheral nerve stimulation with a flat interface nerve electrode
Tyler, D. J., & Durand, D. M. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2002.806840 · Cited by 398 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Implantable nerve cuff electrodes have the ability to selectively stimulate individual fascicles or fascicular groups, resulting in selective muscle activation [2-4].”
Peripheral nerve fascicles: Anatomy and clinical relevance
Stewart, J. D. (2003) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.10454 · Cited by 265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Fascicular diameters of 100, 500, and 1000 m were studied, based on the reported physiologic range for mammalian peripheral nerves [23], [25], [27].”
Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibres: Influence of the myelin sheath
Richardson, A. G., McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2000) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02345014 · Cited by 181 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The interpolated voltages were applied to the McIntyre, Richardson, and Grill (MRG) [33], [34] double-cable axon model in NEURON.”
The histological fine structure of perineurium
Burkel, W. E. (1967) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091580207 · Cited by 149 · cited 2× · see citing works
“histological studies suggest that a relationship exists between fascicular size and perineurial thickness [23], [28], [29].”
Schiefer, M. A., Triolo, R. J., & Tyler, D. J. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2008.918425 · Cited by 148 · cited 9× · see citing works
“, Natick, MA) and used to interpolate voltages along each assigned axon inside the fascicle using a 3-D cubic spline [17].”
MethodInfluentialSelectivity of multiple-contact nerve cuff electrodes: a simulation analysis
Choi, A. Q., Cavanaugh, J. K., & Durand, D. M. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.909637 · Cited by 121 · cited 10× · see citing works
“In these studies, the was fixed to 800 m [2], [12] or 617 m [19].”
MethodInfluentialVagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a review
Binnie, C. D. (2000) · Seizure · doi:10.1053/seiz.1999.0354 · Cited by 112 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Clinically, nerve cuff electrodes have been used to reduce seizures using vagus nerve stimulation [5], restore limited motor function in lower [6] and upper [7] extremi-”
Human nerve stimulation thresholds and selectivity using a multi-contact nerve cuff electrode
Polasek, K. H., Hoyen, H. A., Keith, M. W., & Tyler, D. J. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.891383 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Clinically, nerve cuff electrodes have been used to reduce seizures using vagus nerve stimulation [5], restore limited motor function in lower [6] and upper [7] extremi-”
Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: influence of tissue electrical properties
Grill, W. M. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.775401 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Axonal activation thresholds increase with an increase in electrode-axon distance [40].”
Tarler, M. D., & Mortimer, J. T. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2004.828415 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“vidual fascicles or fascicular groups, producing selective muscle activation [2]–[4].”
Morphometric studies on the human sural nerve.
Behse, F. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Gustafson, K. J., Pinault, G. C. J., Neville, J. J., Syed, I., Jr, J. A. D., Jean-Claude, J., & Triolo, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.08.0097 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Yoo, P. B., & Durand, D. M. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.851482 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been used as a method of predicting stimulation selectivity of fascicles and nerve fibers [9-15, 17, 31] and neural recording selectivity [18-22] using various electrode configurations.”
A modeling study of nerve fascicle stimulation
Veltink, P. H., van Veen, B. K., Struijk, J. J., Holsheimer, J., & Boom, H. B. K. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.32100 · Cited by 95 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They have been used to predict fascicular selectivity for stimulation [9-17] and recording [1822] using various electrode configurations.”
Subfascicle stimulation selectivity with the flat interface nerve electrode
Leventhal, D. K., & Durand, D. M. (2003) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1114/1.1569266 · Cited by 81 · cited 7× · see citing works
“In these studies, the was fixed to 800 m [2], [12] or 617 m [19].”
MethodInfluential(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The perineurium of peripheral nerves
Sunderland, S., & Bradley, K. C. (1952) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091130202 · Cited by 66 · cited 10× · see citing works
“The measurements reported by Sunderland and Bradley [24] for 704 fascicles from 20 human peripheral nerves were analyzed to quantify the relationship between th p and D f .”
InfluentialRecruitment characteristics of nerve fascicles stimulated by a multigroove electrode
Koole, P., Holsheimer, J., Struijk, J. J., & Verloop, A. J. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.559348 · Cited by 56 · cited 5× · see citing works
“the small common peroneal nerve fascicle consistently had a lower activation threshold than the larger tibial nerve fascicle [11].”
InfluentialThe Nerve Fibre Populations of the Nerves of the Leg in Chronic Occlusive Arterial Disease in Man
Garven, H. S. D., Gairns, F. W., & Smith, G. L. (1962) · Scottish Medical Journal · doi:10.1177/003693306200700602 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Each population was made up of 20 axons of varying diameter, based on a physiologic diameter distribution from [31], [32], randomly positioned throughout the fascicle.”
Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve
Gustafson, K. J., Zelkovic, P. F., Feng, A. H., Draper, C. E., Bodner, D. R., & Grill, W. M. (2005) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-005-0032-4 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Neuroanatomical data shows that nerves contain multiple fascicles of varying diameters [23]–[26] and that human nerves have a greater number of fascicles than animal nerves [27].”
Modeling study of peripheral nerve recording selectivity
Perez-Perive, J., & Durund, D. M. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.867874 · Cited by 55 · cited 9× · see citing works
“In these studies, the was fixed to 800 m [2], [12] or 617 m [19].”
InfluentialTECHNIQUES FOR PRIMARY NERVE REPAIR
Diao, E., & Vannuyen, T. (2000) · Hand Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0749-0712(21)00501-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Real Time Foot Drop Correction using Machine Learning and Natural Sensors
Hansen, M., Haugland, M. K., Sinkjær, T., & Donaldson, N. (2002) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1403.2002._2008.x · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Clinically, nerve cuff electrodes have been used to reduce seizures using vagus nerve stimulation [5], restore limited motor function in lower [6] and upper [7] extremi-”
Simulation of multipolar fiber selective neural stimulation using intrafascicular electrodes
Meier, J. H., Rotten, W. L. C., Zoutman, A. E., Boom, H. B. K., & Bergveld, P. (1992) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.121643 · Cited by 52 · cited 2× · see citing works
“They have been used to predict fascicular selectivity for stimulation [9-17] and recording [1822] using various electrode configurations.”
Goodall, E. V., Kosterman, L. M., Holsheimer, J., & Struijk, J. J. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.413200 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“other approach of fixing the and adjusting its conductivity based on [11], [36], which may yield an equivalent resistance of the perineurium.”
Lertmanorat, Z., & Durand, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/1/4/003 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“2010348 Previous models examining neural excitation used simplified representations of neural anatomy [2], [9], [11], [12], [14],”
Deurloo, K. E. I., Holsheimer, J., & Bergveld, P. (2001) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s004220100253 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“01 S/m used in previous models [9]–[12], [16], [17], [19].”
The effect of nerve cuff geometry on interference reduction: a study by computer modeling
Rahal, M., Taylor, J. T., & Donaldson, N. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.817629 · Cited by 32 · cited 3× · see citing works
“fascicular selectivity of stimulation [2], [9]–[17] and recording [18]–[22] using various electrode configurations.”
MethodHennings, K., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Christensen, S., & Andersen, O. K. (2005) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02344731 · Cited by 27 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The values used in previous computer modeling studies [9], [12], [15], [19], [22], [30] were also compared to the physiologic perineurium thickness mea-”
Lowry, A., WILCOX, D., Masson, E. A., & WILLIAMS, P. E. (1997) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19130367.x · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“histological studies suggest that a relationship exists between fascicular size and perineurial thickness [23], [28], [29].”
Meier, J. H., Rutten, W. L. C., & Boom, H. B. K. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.709558 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“fascicular selectivity of stimulation [2], [9]–[17] and recording [18]–[22] using various electrode configurations.”
MethodDeurloo, K. E. I., Holsheimer, J., & Bergveld, P. (2003) · Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1403.2003.03034.x · Cited by 20 · cited 9× · see citing works
“3, many studies overlooked this relationship and used constant perineurial thicknesses [9], [12], [22].”
MethodInfluentialVučković, A., Struijk, J. J., & Rijkhoff, N. J. M. (2005) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02345814 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The presence of the perineurium decreases the gradient of the potential field inside the fascicle [35]”
Blind source separation of nerve cuff recordings
Tesfayesus, W., Yoo, P. B., Moffitt, M. A., & Durand, D. M. (2005) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2004.1403099 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been used as a method of predicting stimulation selectivity of fascicles and nerve fibers [9-15, 17, 31] and neural recording selectivity [18-22] using various electrode configurations.”
Szlavik, R. B., & de Bruin, H. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.867947 · Cited by 12 · cited 5× · see citing works
“These data suggest that ignoring the perineurium, as was done in [30], may result in an underestimation of the activation”
MethodInfluentialChoi, C. T. M., & Lee, S.-S. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2006.872463 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous models examining neural excitation have typically used simplified representations of the neural anatomy [9, 11, 12, 14, 19, 32].”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [27]Gustafson KJ Artis E A comparative analysis of fundamental nerve fascicular anatomy: Physiological limits and implications for nerve cuff electrode design presented at the NIH NINDS Neural Interfaces Workshop Bethesda, MD 2005
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oddo, C. M., Raspopović, S., Artoni, F., Mazzoni, A., Spigler, G., Petrini, F. M., Giambattistelli, F., Vecchio, F., Miraglia, F., Zollo, L., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.09148 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“Perineurium had a thickness of 3% of the diameter of the fascicles (Grinberg et al., 2008) , and coordinates were interpolated.”
BackgroundSchiefer, M., Tan, D., Sidek, S. M., & Tyler, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/1/016001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface
Saal, H. P., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.010 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“However, since the contacts are separated from the nerve fibers by the perineurium, higher stimulation currents are required to achieve sensation than for intra-fascicular electrodes (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
Tan, D. W., Schiefer, M. A., Keith, M. W., Anderson, J. R., & Tyler, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/2/026002 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Based on modeling studies on the influence of neighboring fascicles, two fascicles may be moving slightly into and out of the stimulus field such that one or the other, but not both, results with activated axons [20].”
BackgroundRaspopović, S., Capogrosso, M., & Micera, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2151878 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The perineurium was also modeled as an isotropic conductor according to [ 25 ] with a value of 0.0021 S/m.”
MethodInfluentialQuantified Morphology of the Cervical and Subdiaphragmatic Vagus Nerves of Human, Pig, and Rat
Pelot, N. A., Goldhagen, G. B., Cariello, J. E., Musselman, E. D., Clissold, K. A., Ezzell, J. A., & Grill, W. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.601479 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Further, the size and spatial arrangement of surrounding fascicles affect thresholds; for example, in the case of a nerve with two fascicles, the thresholds for fibers in fascicle A will be lower if fascicle B is larger (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGustafson, K. J., Pinault, G. C. J., Neville, J. J., Syed, I., Jr, J. A. D., Jean-Claude, J., & Triolo, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.08.0097 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Email: kjg@case.edu DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2008.08.0097 973 (FES) for standing after SCI [2–4].”
MethodInfluentialNeural interfaces for somatosensory feedback: bringing life to a prosthesis
Tyler, D. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000266 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“There is a stochastic distribution of Nodes of Ranvier and axon sizes that results in a distributed recruitment within the nerve limiting the maximum effective electrode density [102,103].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiomimetic encoding model for restoring touch in bionic hands through a nerve interface
Okorokova, E. V., He, Q., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aae398 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review.
Ghafoor, U., Kim, S., & Hong, K.-S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2017.00059 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Since the electrodes and the nerve fibers are separated by the perineurium, higher stimulation currents are required to achieve sensations than the case of intra-fascicular interfaces (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
Modeling the response of small myelinated axons in a compound nerve to kilohertz frequency signals
Pelot, N. A., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2017) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aa6a5f · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“05 Ω m2 as used herein versus a resistivity of 500 Ω m and a perineurial thickness of 3% of the fascicle diameter [69] which we used to compute the contact resistance.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRaspopović, S., Petrini, F. M., Żelechowski, M., & Valle, G. (2016) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2016.2600560 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“We recalculated this value taking into account the thickness of the perineurium as 3% of the approximate diameter of the fascicle, as proposed in [51], and the difference of temperature between frogs and humans.”
MethodThe Role of Biomaterials in Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Injury: A Review
Kaplan, B., & Levenberg, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031244 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gaines, J. L., Finn, K. E., Slopsema, J. P., Heyboer, L. A., & Polasek, K. H. (2018) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-018-0689-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For each fascicle, the thickness of the perineurium was set to three percent of the fascicle diameter (Grinberg et al. 2008).”
Tutorial: a computational framework for the design and optimization of peripheral neural interfaces
Romeni, S., Valle, G., Mazzoni, A., & Micera, S. (2020) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-020-0377-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The perineurial sheath is assumed to have a thickness of 0.03 times the fascicle effective diameter 32 (the diameter of an equivalent circle).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the parameters used in finite element modeling of compound peripheral nerves
Pelot, N. A., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaeb0c · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…using a constant resistivity and thickness for all fascicle diameters (Supplement A), the perineurial thickness varies with fascicle diameter (Grinberg et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2000); therefore, it should instead be modeled with a constant resistivity across fascicle diameters, either…”
BackgroundInfluentialQuantification of human upper extremity nerves and fascicular anatomy
Brill, N. A., & Tyler, D. J. (2017) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.25534 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Important design parameters include the nerve flattening ratio,(53) fascicular counts, fascicular diameter distribution in each cross-section, and the location of fascicles.(54) These 3 parameters affect the electrical activation of axonal populations within nerves or the recording capabilities.”
BackgroundRaspopovic, S., Capogrosso, M., Badia, J., Navarro, X., & Micera, S. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2189021 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Moreover, by piercing the perineurium, axons are no longer completely enclosed within a strong isolating structure, such as the perineurium [38], and this could have an impact (e.”
BackgroundAdvances in Biomimetic Nerve Guidance Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Mankavi, F., Ibrahim, R., & Wang, H. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13182528 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Typically, the diameter of axons ranges between 4 and 16 µ m [128], and fascicles can contain a few to several hundred axons [129]; thus, it remains highly challenging to identify an ideal channel size that effectively mimics the fascicle anatomy.”
BackgroundPredicting myelinated axon activation using spatial characteristics of the extracellular field
Peterson, E. J., Izad, O., & Tyler, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046030 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Animal models are common developmental tools for testing design factors in peripheral nerve interfaces, but anatomical differences between animal models and humans limit the direct translation to clinical application (Grinberg et al 2008, Brill et al 2009).”
BackgroundMethodA computational model to design neural interfaces for lower-limb sensory neuroprostheses
Żelechowski, M., Valle, G., & Raspopović, S. (2020) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-020-00657-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Noninvasive Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves using Temporally‐Interfering Electrical Fields
Botzanowski, B., Donahue, M. J., Ejneby, M. S., Gallina, A. L., Ngom, I., Missey, F., Acerbo, E., Byun, D., Carron, R., Cassara, A. M., et al. (2022) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202200075 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Schiefer, M. A., Tyler, D. J., & Triolo, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-011-0381-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Models have shown that decreased perineurial conductance increases axonal thresholds, but that population recruitment trends remain unaffected (Grinberg et al. 2008).”
InfluentialKent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2013) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/10/3/036010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The perineurium was modeled as a distributed resistance boundary with a thickness equal to 3% of the fascicle diameter [28].”
BackgroundAdvanced Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Techniques: What Are the Applications?
van Holsbeeck, M., Soliman, S. B., Kerkhove, F. V., & Craig, J. G. (2020) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.20.22840 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fascicles split or merge every ∼560 microns within the human cervical vagus nerve
Upadhye, A. R., Kolluru, C., Druschel, L. N., Lababidi, L. A., Ahmad, S. S., Menendez, D. M., Buyukcelik, O. N., Settell, M. L., Blanz, S. L., Jenkins, M. W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9643 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“field given the high resistivity of the perineurium [45, 46], and (b) the changing locations of fibers and therefore the proximity of fibers to the electrode contacts.”
BackgroundDali, M., Rossel, O., Andreu, D., Laporte, L., Hernandez, A. I., Laforêt, J., Marijon, É., Hagège, A. A., Clerc, M., Henry, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aabeb9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Selective neural activation in a histologically derived model of peripheral nerve
Butson, C. R., Miller, I., Normann, R. A., & Clark, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Lastly, modeling studies have been conducted to examine neural activation as a function of changes in conductivity ratios (Grill 1999), perineurium geometry (Grinberg et al 2008) and the effects of fascicular organization on stimulation effectiveness (Brill et al 2009, Durand et al 2009, Schiefer…”
BackgroundMethodMusselman, E. D., Pelot, N. A., & Grill, W. M. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acda64 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Our models suggest that laryngeal fibers were in the fascicles that were closer to the electrode (i.e. surface of the epi-neurium), in smaller fascicles (which cause lower thresholds (Grinberg et al 2008, Davis et al 2023)), or both.”
Mapping of Small Nerve Trunks and Branches Using Adaptive Flexible Electrodes
Xiang, Z., Sheshadri, S., Lee, S., Wang, J., Xue, N., Thakor, N. V., Yen, S., & Lee, C. (2016) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201500386 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
PyPNS: Multiscale Simulation of a Peripheral Nerve in Python
Lubba, C. H., Guen, Y. L., Jarvis, S., Jones, N. S., Cork, S. C., Eftekhar, A., & Schultz, S. R. (2018) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-018-9383-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Only recently precise biophysical axon models and detailed, numerically solved models of the surrounding medium have been combined (Grinberg et al. 2008; Raspopovic et al. 2011), thanks to increasing availability of computational resources.”
BackgroundMethodVallone, F., Ottaviani, M. M., Dedola, F., Cutrone, A., Romeni, S., Panarese, A. M., Bernini, F., Cracchiolo, M., Strauss, I., Gabisonia, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac0d42 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flat electrode contacts for vagus nerve stimulation
Bucksot, J. E., Wells, A. J., Rahebi, K. C., Sivaji, V., Romero‐Ortega, M. I., Kilgard, M. P., Rennaker, R. L., & Hays, S. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215191 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Perineurium thickness was set to 3% of the fascicle diameter [18].”
BackgroundCimolato, A., Ciotti, F., Kljajić, J., Valle, G., & Raspopović, S. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106248 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gupta, I., Cassara, A. M., Tarotin, I., Donegà, M., Miranda, J. A., Sokal, D. M., Ouchouche, S., Dopson, W. J., Matteucci, P. B., Neufeld, E., et al. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01299-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Eiber, C. D., Payne, S. C., Biscola, N. P., Havton, L. A., Keast, J. R., Osborne, P. B., & Fallon, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac36e2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…models have been used to study neural interfaces for delivering neuromodulation (e.g. Rattay 1986, Leventhal and Durand 2003, Johnson et al 2007, Grinberg et al 2008, Grill 2015, Raspopovic et al 2017, Gaines et al 2018, Lubba et al 2019, Pelot et al 2019, Gupta et al 2020, Romeni et al 2020,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDavis, C. J., Musselman, E. D., Grill, W. M., & Pelot, N. A. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acc42b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…suggested that thicker perineurium reduced the transverse field across the endoneurium due to its high resistivity compared to surrounding tissues (Schnabel and Struijk 2001, Grinberg et al 2008), and therefore fascicles with a thicker perineurium had a lower peak potential along the fibers.”
InfluentialResearches on biomechanical properties and models of peripheral nerves - a review
Ju, M., Lin, C. K., & Chang, C. (2017) · Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering · doi:10.1299/jbse.16-00678 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The thickness of the perineurium can not be identified from OCT image and is assumed to be 3% of diameter of the fascicle (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPeña, E., Pelot, N. A., & Grill, W. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84503-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tan, D. W., Schiefer, M. A., Keith, M. W., Anderson, R., & Tyler, D. J. (2013) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2013.6696070 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Capllonch-Juan, M., & Sepulveda, F. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007826 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Yet its nominal thickness was not ignored for the calculations of the resistances of transverse resistors crossing it, since its thickness is known to affect the results of stimulation [42].”
BackgroundTowards enhanced functionality of vagus neuroprostheses through in silico optimized stimulation
Ciotti, F., John, R., Katic, N., Gozzi, N., Cimolato, A., Jayaprakash, N., Song, W., Tóth, V., Zanos, T. P., Zanos, S. P., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50523-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This approach leaned on the common assumption that the endoneurium thickness equals about 3% of the fascicle area 37,44,46,48,77 .”
Deer, T., Pope, J., & Kaplan, M. (2012) · Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management · doi:10.1053/j.trap.2013.02.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Finite element modeling of hyper-viscoelasticity of peripheral nerve ultrastructures
Chang, C., Chen, Y.-H., Lin, C. K., & Ju, M. (2015) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The thickness of perineurium was assumed as 3% of the diameter of the fascicle (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPeripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain in Extremities: An Update.
Pope, J., Carlson, J., Rosenberg, W., Slavin, K., & Deer, T. (2015) · Progress in neurological surgery · doi:10.1159/000434667 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Xiang, Y., Kruth, M. B., Wei, P., Dai, G., Xu, K., Yin, J., & Huang, Y. H. (2020) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-020-02560-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
RamRakhyani, A. K., KAGAN, Z. B., Warren, D. J., Normann, R. A., & Lazzi, G. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2446761 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“According to previous work [48], such variation can significantly alter stimulation thresholds of”
BackgroundElectrical Stimulation of the Nervous System
Raspopović, S., Capogrosso, M., & Micera, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_68 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Design of Transcutaneous Stimulation Electrodes for Wearable Neuroprostheses
RaviChandran, N., Teo, M. Y., Aw, K. C., & McDaid, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.2994900 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“and perineurium were taken from [40] and [39].”
BackgroundKoppaka, S., Hess‐Dunning, A., & Tyler, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111058 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Characterization of the electrical properties of mammalian peripheral nerve laminae
Horn, M. R., Vetter, C., Bashirullah, R., Carr, M., & Yoshida, K. (2023) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.14500 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Johnson, M. D., Dweiri, Y. M., Cornelius, J. R., Strohl, K. P., Steffen, A., Suurna, M. V., Soose, R. J., Coleman, M., Rondoni, J., Durand, D. M., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa269 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Decade of Haptic Feedback for Upper Limb Prostheses
Dey, A., Basumatary, H., & Hazarika, S. M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics · doi:10.1109/tmrb.2023.3310045 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Imaging peripheral nerve micro-anatomy with MUSE, 2D and 3D approaches
Kolluru, C., Todd, A. W., Upadhye, A. R., Liu, Y., Berezin, M. Y., Fereidouni, F., Levenson, R. M., Wang, Y., Shoffstall, A. J., Jenkins, M. W., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14166-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Qiao, S., & Yoshida, K. (2012) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.04.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ciotti, F., Cimolato, A., Valle, G., & Raspopović, S. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011184 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In both models, the perineurium was modeled with a thickness of 3% the equivalent diameter of each fascicle [60].”
MethodElder, C. W., & Yoo, P. B. (2018) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.01.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Petrini, F. M., Mazzoni, A., Rigosa, J., Giambattistelli, F., Granata, G., Barra, B., Pampaloni, A., Guglielmelli, E., Zollo, L., Capogrosso, M., et al. (2019) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-019-0659-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Extracting morphometric information from rat sciatic nerve using optical coherence tomography
Hope, J., Braeuer, B., Amirapu, S., McDaid, A., & Vanholsbeeck, F. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.23.11.116001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“troduction In the field of neural prosthetics, the performance of nerve cuffs for recording and stimulating bio- electric signals can be improved using physiologically accurate models of nerves . The [1, 2]volume conductor morphometric details required for such models are the size, number and location of fascicles, th…”
BackgroundDali, M., Picq, C. A., Rossel, O., Maciejasz, P., Malbert, C., & Guiraud, D. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The fascicle was surrounded by a perineurium with a thickness equal to 3% of the fascicle diameter [23] and an epineurium (2.”
BackgroundMagnetoelectric Nanoparticles for Wireless Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Computational Study
Galletta, V., Chiaramello, E., Fiocchi, S., Parazzini, M., & Ravazzani, P. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14135372 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Temporal Modulation of the Response of Sensory Fibers to Paired-Pulse Stimulation
Brunton, E., Silveira, C. R. A., Rosenberg, J. V., Schiefer, M. A., Riddell, J. S., & Nazarpour, K. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2935813 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Both fascicles were modelled as an endoneurium contained within a perineurial sheath that was equal to 3% of the fascicle diameter [41].”
MethodEffects of Synchronous Electrode Pulses on Neural Recruitment During Multichannel Microstimulation
Hokanson, J., Gaunt, R. A., & Weber, D. J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31247-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Electrodes for the Neural Interface
Tyler, D. J., & Polasek, K. H. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374248-3.00018-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Couppey, T., Regnacq, L., Giraud, R., Romain, O., Bornat, Y., & Kölbl, F. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011826 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Highly Flexible Precisely Braided Multielectrode Probes and Combinatorics for Future Neuroprostheses
Kim, T., Schmidt, K., Deemie, C., Wycech, J., Liang, H., & Giszter, S. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00613 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Intrafascicular probes are directly inserted into the peripheral nerve by penetration (Leventhal and Durand, 2003; Grinberg et al., 2008; Badia et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSensory Feedback in Upper Limb Prostheses
Dimante, D., Logina, I., Sinisi, M., & Krūmiņa, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences · doi:10.2478/prolas-2020-0047 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Although this type of electrode causes less damage to the nerve, higher stimulation of current is required to evoke sensation (Grinberg et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFully 3D‐Printed Cuff Electrode for Small Nerve Interfacing
Zurita, F., Grob, L., Erben, A., Duca, F. D., Clausen‐Schaumann, H., Sudhop, S., Hayden, O., & Wolfrum, B. L. (2022) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202200989 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Roointan, S., Tovbis, D., Elder, C. W., & Yoo, P. B. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab85d3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The thickness of the perineurium and epineurium layers were consistent with a peripheral nerve diameter of 3 mm [24, 25].”
BackgroundIncreased selectivity of clinical peripheral nerve interfaces
Tyler, D. J., Peterson, E. J., Brill, N., & White, K. (2011) · 2011 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2011.5910536 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“activate [ 22 ]. This would significantly decrease the”
BackgroundEndovascular neural stimulation with platinum and platinum black modified electrodes
Harris, A. R., Ruslim, M. A., Xin, H., Shen, Z., Liu, J., Spencer, T., Garrett, D. J., Grayden, D. B., & John, S. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93941-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Modeling the excitation of nerve axons under transcutaneous stimulation
RaviChandran, N., Hope, J., Aw, K. C., & McDaid, A. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107463 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Modeling the Impact of the Variation in Peripheral Nerve Anatomy on Stimulation
Mishra, L. N., Kulkarni, G., & Gadgil, M. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s380546 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Perineurium boundary surrounding the fascicle has a width equal to 3% of the fascicle diameter.(6,19) A constant current is sourced through the source electrode, and the electric field is computed in the domain using FEA.”
MethodAgotici, S., Masani, K., & Yoo, P. B. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3133508 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Freeberg, M. J., Ansari, R., Pinault, G. C. J., Lombardo, L. M., Miller, M. E., Tyler, D. J., & Triolo, R. J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2951079 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“There are numerous potential nerve and fascicle structural changes which can affect recruitment [50].”
BackgroundDirected stimulation with interfascicular interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation
Koppaka, S., Hess-Dunning, A., & Tyler, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac33e8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pitzus, A., Romeni, S., Vallone, F., & Micera, S. (2022) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100615 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The thickness of the perineurial sheath was set to 0.03 times the diameter, according to Grinberg et al.25 The cross-sectional morphologies were extruded for 20 mm to obtain 3D nerve segments, and a cuff electrode or a TIME18 were added to the geometry.”
MethodInfluentialWegert, L., Ziółkowski, M., Kalla, T., Lange, I., Haueisen, J., & Hunold, A. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad8c84 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Verardo, C., Romeni, S., & Micera, S. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112495 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“53 We also note that, for intrafascicular insertions (Figures 5A and 5B), the onset of the fiber-wise amplitude separation occurs at smaller distances with the μ NG compared to the TIME (about 30 μ m vs. 60 μ m, respectively).”
A Computational Model of the Pudendal Nerve for the Bioelectronic Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions
Ciotti, F., Valle, G., Pedrocchi, A., & Raspopović, S. (2021) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441309 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Electrodes for the Neural Interface
Tyler, D. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00020-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Phosphotungstic Acid Staining to Visualize the Vagus Nerve Perineurium Using Micro‐CT
Upadhye, A. R., Cintron, E., Zhang, J., Coleman, J., Kolluru, C., Jenkins, M. W., Wilson, D. L., Pelot, N. A., & Shoffstall, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.70040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The future of neuromodulation for functional pelvic problems
Perrouin‐Verbe, M., & Kerrebroeck, P. V. (2024) · Continence · doi:10.1016/j.cont.2024.101694 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thompson, N., Mastitskaya, S., Iacoviello, F., Turhani, F., Shearing, P. R., Aristovich, K. Y., & Holder, D. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1731234 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Given that humans have three to five times fewer but larger fascicles compared to the pig, their fibers are expected to have higher activation thresholds (Grinberg et al., 2008; Pelot et al., 2017).”
Koppaka, S. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jawad, T., Koh, R. G. L., & Zariffa, J. (2023) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-023-01181-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The perineurium layer was approximated using an average thickness of perineurium tissue in human median nerves [22].”
MethodTyler, D. J., Polasek, K. H., & Schiefer, M. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802653-3.00112-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schiefer, M. A., Tyler, D. J., & Triolo, R. J. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6091011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The perineurium of each fascicle was added at a thickness of 3% of the fascicular diameter [20].”
Optical coherence tomography imaging of evoked neural activity in sciatic nerve of rat
Hope, J., Goodwin, M., & Vanholsbeeck, F. (2021) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac021b · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…100’s of µ m in scattering media places the technology well for emerging clinical and research applications in neurology such as the development of structurally accurate models in peripheral nerve modulation treatments [5], and whole-brain neural network connectivity studies in a mouse brain [2].”
Zhang, J., Lapierre-Landry, M., Kalpatthi, H., Jenkins, M. W., Wilson, D. L., Pelot, N. A., & Shoffstall, A. J. (2026) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae33f6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) targeting somatic nerves enables the restoration of movement and sensation following spinal cord injury or limb loss (Taghlabi et al 2024).”
InfluentialFarshi, H. T., Frounchi, J., Ahmadiasl, N., Shahabi, P., & Salekzamani, Y. (2016) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-160684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The thickness of perineurium was equal to 3% of the diameter of the related fascicle [22].”
Morphology and morphometry of the ulnar nerve in the forelimb of pigs
Andreis, F. R., Metcalfe, B., Janjua, T. A. M., Fazan, V. P. S., Jensen, W., Meijs, S., & Nielsen, T. N. (2023) · Anatomia Histologia Embryologia · doi:10.1111/ahe.12972 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…neural interfaces as gradients in the extracellular field potential are dependent not only on a target fascicle but on its neighbouring fascicles (Grinberg et al., 2008); hence, using animal models with a monofascicular structure may provide inaccurate activation thresholds when results are…”
BackgroundConditioning Electrical Stimulation Fails to Enhance Sympathetic Axon Regeneration
Tian, T. M., Patel, K., Kim, D., SiMa, H., Harris, A. R., Owyoung, J. N., & Ward, P. J. (2025) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683251335321 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yuan, R., Zheng, Y., Shin, H., Xu, G., Fan, S., & Du, Z. J. (2025) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-025-01658-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The boundary conditions of the ends of the model were set to ground [38].”
Katic, N., Valle, G., & Raspopović, S. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_100-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Motion control of the ankle joint with a multiple contact nerve cuff electrode: a simulation study
Park, H.-J., & Durand, D. M. (2014) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-014-0612-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“2008), and the perineurium thickness was 3 % of the fascicle diameter (Grinberg et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodUltrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Huntoon, M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1681-5_26 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dali, M., Rossel, O., & Guiraud, D. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591962 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The perineurium thickness was set to 3% of the fascicle diameter according to [8].”
Simulating bidirectional peripheral neural interfaces in EIDORS
Eiber, C. D., Keast, J. R., & Osborne, P. B. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175921 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“7e-4 [20] Interstitial Fluid 0.”
Computational Modeling of an Endovascular Peripheral Nerve Interface
Liu, J., Grayden, D. B., Keast, J. R., & John, S. E. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630085 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The perineurium was modeled as a highly resistive thin layer with a thickness of 3% of the fascicle diameter; thin nerve bundles less than 50 μm in diameter were excluded from this study due to their low resistance and, therefore, negligible influence on the activation of neighboring fascicles [19].”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Grinberg, Y., Schiefer, M. A., Tyler, D. J., & Gustafson, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 572-581
- ISSN
- 1534-4320 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0210
- PMC
- PMC2918421
- OpenAlex
- W2097925212
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 077089, R01DK077089)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB-001889, R01EB001889)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- peripheral nerve stimulation, cuff electrodes, femoral nerve, finite element analysis, neural simulation, nerve anatomy
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Computer Simulation, Differential Threshold, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Femoral Nerve, Humans, Models, Neurological, Peripheral Nerves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
