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Gender Differences in Depression
Open accessAbstract
From early adolescence through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression. Many different explanations for this gender difference in depression have been offered, but none seems to fully explain it. Recent research has focused on gender differences in stress responses, and in exposure to certain stressors. I review this research and describe how gender differences in stress experiences and stress reactivity may interact to create women's greater vulnerability to depression.
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InfluentialSpecific Dysphoric Symptoms Are Predicted by Early Maladaptive Schemas
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“Further, although studies have found that females may be more susceptible to empathy and depression (32, 33), whether sex differences play a role between the two constructs remains unclear (21).”
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Wang, Q., Zhang, H., Poh, J. S., Pecheva, D., Broekman, B. F. P., Chong, Y. S., Shek, L. P., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz135 · Cited by 14
Women With Coronary Artery Disease
Prata, J., Ramos, S., Martins, A. Q., Rocha‐Gonçalves, F., & Coelho, R. C. (2013) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e31829e852b · Cited by 14
“women are about twice as likely to experience depression, when compared with men, whether it is clinical depression or subclinical symptoms, across a variety of nations, cultures, and ethnicities.(48) Nolen-Hoeksema(48) suggests that both stress experience and stress reactivity contribute directly to women’s greater r…”
BackgroundJohnson, S., Mcleod, P. J., Sharpe, D., & Johnston, E. M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2008-0006 · Cited by 14
Gender and Psychological Distress: A Geographical Perspective
Osayomi, T., & Adegboye, O. A. (2016) · Papers in Applied Geography · doi:10.1080/23754931.2016.1249511 · Cited by 14
“According to Nolen-Hoeksema (2001), women are more psychologically distressed than men, as they are more vulnerable to sexual assault, and they are exposed to everyday risks given their relative positions in the society.”
BackgroundDolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Denkova, E., & Dolcos, S. M. (2017) · Springer series in cognitive and neural systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29674-6_14 · Cited by 19
Exploring the Stress-Support-Distress Process Among Black Women
Norris, C. M., & Mitchell, F. D. (2013) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934713517898 · Cited by 19
“However, the majority of stress-health studies have been conducted on White males, despite the fact that women are more likely to report higher levels of psychological distress (Bauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Roxburgh, 2009).”
BackgroundCheng, C., Inder, K., & Chan, S. W. (2021) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12946 · Cited by 13
Hennig, K. H., & Walker, L. J. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.003 · Cited by 14
It is not Black and White: Discrimination and distress in Hawai‘i.
Mossakowski, K. N., Wongkaren, T. S., & Uperesa, L. (2017) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000139 · Cited by 14
“The researchers explained that women often ruminate about stressors and internalize the discrimination, such as wondering if they experienced unfair treatment because of their gender and/or race, perhaps exacerbating their anxiety about it (Banks, Kohn-Wood, & Spencer, 2006; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001).”
BackgroundDavis, R. E., Bass, M. A., Wade, M. A., & Nahar, V. K. (2020) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.15171/hpp.2020.10 · Cited by 12
“…among college students who engage in recreational prescription opioid misuse (RPOM) while utilizing a validated screening tool for MDD. Gender-based differences have been presented in the general literature regarding the existence of depression 17,22,23 and misuse of abusable prescription drugs.”
Father-Child Conflict and Chinese Adolescent Depression: A Moderated Mediation Model
Peng, C., Chen, J.-W., Wu, H., Liu, Y., Liao, Y.-G., Wu, Y.-Q., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723250 · Cited by 14
“Adolescent girls have a higher emotional response to interpersonal stress than boys (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008), and the depression of adolescent girls has been found to be significantly higher than that of boys (Angold et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWork Conditions of Italian Nurses and Their Related Risk Factors: A Cohort Investigatory Study
Vitale, E. (2022) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases10030050 · Cited by 17
Trang, D. T. H., Nguyen, D. T. M., & Nguyen, T. L. (2022) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329221125410 · Cited by 15
Windle, M. T., & Mrug, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01322 · Cited by 15
“A range of different hypotheses have been forwarded to account for the emergence of sex differences in depression during adolescence (Hankin et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Hyde et al., 2008; Essau et al., 2010).”
BackgroundJang, S. J., Ferguson, T. W., & Rhodes, J. R. (2014) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x14562932 · Cited by 15
“…that males and females tend to cope with strain differently (Broidy & Agnew, 1997; Higgins, Piquero, & Piquero, 2011; Jang, 2007; Kaufman, 2009; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Piquero, Fox, Piquero, Capowich, & Mazerolle, 2010; 624 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology…”
BackgroundBarman, D. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/12008.6179 · Cited by 13
Gender Differences in Depression
Yoon, S., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6580-4_24 · Cited by 23
Durand, G., & Velozo, J. D. C. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.013 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 173-176
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2114965225
- Cited by
- 1,474
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 19.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- gender differences, depression, women, stress response, stress reactivity, stressors, depression vulnerability, adolescence, adulthood
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