Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus

Young, Susan; Hollingdale, Jack; Absoud, Michael; Bolton, Patrick; Branney, Polly; Colley, William; Craze, Emily; Dave, Mayuri; Deeley, Quinton; Farrag, Emad; Gudjonsson, Gisli; Hill, Peter; Liang, Ho-lan; Murphy, Clodagh; Mackintosh, Peri; Murin, Marianna; O’Regan, Fintan; Ougrin, Dennis; Rios, Patricia; Stover, Nancy; Taylor, Eric; Woodhouse, Emma

doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y

Cited by 162Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus

Open access

Young, Susan, Hollingdale, Jack, Absoud, Michael, Bolton, Patrick, Branney, Polly, Colley, William, Craze, Emily, Dave, Mayuri +14 more·2020·BMC Medicine

DOI 10.1186/s12916-020-01585-yPMC PMC7247165

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Individuals with co-occurring hyperactivity disorder/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can have complex presentations that may complicate diagnosis and treatment. There are established guidelines with regard to the identification and treatment of ADHD and ASD as independent conditions. However, ADHD and ASD were not formally recognised diagnostically as co-occurring conditions until the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) was published in 2013. Hence, awareness and understanding of both conditions when they co-occur is less established and there is little guidance in the clinical literature. This has led to uncertainty among healthcare practitioners when working with children, young people and adults who present with co-existing ADHD and ASD. The United Kingdom ADHD Partnership (UKAP) therefore convened a meeting of professional experts that aimed to address this gap and reach expert consensus on the topic that will aid healthcare practitioners and allied professionals when working with this complex and vulnerable population. Method: UK experts from multiple disciplines in the fields of ADHD and ASD convened in London in December 2017. The meeting provided the opportunity to address the complexities of ADHD and ASD as a co-occurring presentation from different perspectives and included presentations, discussion and group work. The authors considered the clinical challenges of working with this complex group of individuals, producing a consensus for a unified approach when working with male and female, children, adolescents and adults with co-occurring ADHD and ASD. This was written up, circulated and endorsed by all authors. Results: The authors reached a consensus of practical recommendations for working across the lifespan with males and females with ADHD and ASD. Consensus was reached on topics of (1) identification and assessment using rating scales, clinical diagnostic interviews and objective supporting assessments; outcomes of assessment, including standards of clinical reporting; (2) non-pharmacological interventions and care management, including psychoeducation, carer interventions/carer training, behavioural/environmental and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approaches; and multi-agency liaison, including educational interventions, career advice, occupational skills and training, and (3) pharmacological treatments. Conclusions: The guidance and practice recommendations (Tables 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10) will support healthcare practitioners and allied professionals to meet the needs of this complex group from a multidisciplinary perspective. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the diagnosis, treatment and management of individuals presenting with comorbid ADHD and ASD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y

Cites

117 of 117 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The current evidence base supports conceptualizing ADHD-ASD overlap as a distinct hybrid phenotype rather than a mere comorbidity.
“The current evidence base supports conceptualizing ADHD–ASD overlap as a distinct hybrid phenotype rather than a mere comorbidity”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
The Background (‘Co-occurring ADHD and ASD’; page not provided) describes the overlap as co-occurrence that confers ‘additive vulnerability and complexity,’ not as a distinct hybrid phenotype. The Results (‘Identification and assessment’; page not provided) likewise discusses establishing an additional comorbid diagnosis when both conditions are present. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
ADHD is among the most heritable psychiatric disorders.
“This places ADHD among the most heritable psychiatric disorders”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
The Results section (Identification and assessment; page unavailable) calls ADHD heritability high and gives an estimate of 70–80%. It does not compare ADHD with other psychiatric disorders, so it does not establish the claim that ADHD is among the most heritable. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Some autistic people, particularly those with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, may have become distracted.
“This is complicated by the fact that some autistic people, particularly those with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, may have become distracted (Young et al, 2020)”
From Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings (2023) · cites this paper as Young et al, 2020
Similar treatment guidelines published to date are either now outdated or offer guidance on one co-occurring condition but may not serve as a reference across multiple symptom domains, present which drugs may be used in ASD without walking through the nuanced decision-making process of choosing and prescribing a drug to match the unique needs of individual patients, or do not specifically discuss,
“Similar treatment guidelines published to date are either now outdated or offer guidance on one co-occurring condition but may not serve as a reference across multiple symptom domains, present which drugs may be used in ASD without walking through the nuanced decision-making process of choosing and prescribing a drug to match the unique needs of individual patients, or do not specifically discuss”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [31]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346 · see citing works
The Prevalence and Correlates of Adult ADHD in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik, K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 · Cited by 3,886 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD also experience high rates of co-occurring conditions, especially anxiety, mood and substance use disorders (including cigarette smoking) [19, 20].”
Background
Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399 · see citing works
Global Prevalence of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kauchali, S., Marcín, C., Montiel‐Nava, C., Patel, V., Paula, C. S., Wang, C., et al. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.239 · Cited by 2,636 · see citing works
The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies
FARAONE, S. V., BIEDERMAN, J., & MICK, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500471x · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2711 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Fourth Edition
Wechsler, D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15169-000 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3482 · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation
Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
The Development and Well‐Being Assessment: Description and Initial Validation of an Integrated Assessment of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Richards, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 · Cited by 1,637 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis
Simon, V., Czobor, P., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Bitter, I. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 · Cited by 1,601 · see citing works
Sex/Gender Differences and Autism: Setting the Scene for Future Research
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
GAUB, M., & CARLSON, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Thapar, A., & Cooper, M. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00238-x · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder
Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Bölte, S. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1983) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27677-000 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences in ADHD
Gershon, J., & Gershon, J. (2002) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470200500302 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00023 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism (PACT): a randomised controlled trial
Green, J., Charman, T., McConachie, H., Aldred, C., Slonims, V., Howlin, P., Le Couteur, A., Leadbitter, K., Hudry, K., Byford, S., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60587-9 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys
Collaborators, O. B. O. T. W. W. M. H. S., Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H. S. G., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders
Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P., Nydén, A., Wentz, E., Ståhlberg, O., Herbrecht, E., Stopin, A., Anckarsäter, H., Gillberg, C., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-35 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life
Harpin, V. A. (2005) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2004.059006 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from a Large Sample of Children and Adolescents
Mandy, W., Chilvers, R., Chowdhury, U., Salter, G., Seigal, A., & Skuse, D. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1356-0 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter‐rater reliability and clinical use
Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00023 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Nunes Filipe, C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis, Lifespan, Comorbidities, and Neurobiology
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm005 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Hyperactive Children Grown Up: ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. T. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development
Corbett, B. A., Constantine, L. J., Hendren, R., Rocke, D., & Ozonoff, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.005 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Patterns of Comorbidity, Functioning, and Service Use for US Children With ADHD, 2007
Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0165 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Rommelse, N. N. J., Franke, B., Geurts, H. M., Hartman, C. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0092-x · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fifth Edition
Wechsler, D. (2024) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t79359-000 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Parent-mediated social communication therapy for young children with autism (PACT): long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Pickles, A., Le Couteur, A., Leadbitter, K., Salomone, E., Cole-Fletcher, R., Tobin, H., Gammer, I., Lowry, J., Vamvakas, G., Byford, S., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31229-6 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Developmental, Psychiatric, and Medical Conditions Among Children in Multiple Populations of the United States
Levy, S. E., Giarelli, E., Lee, L.-C., Schieve, L. A., Kirby, R. S., Cunniff, C., Nicholas, J., Reaven, J., & Rice, C. E. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181d5d03b · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample
Ronald, A., Simonoff, E., Kuntsi, J., Asherson, P., & Plomin, R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood
Howlin, P., & Magiati, I. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000308 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The Co-Occurrence of Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children â€“ What Do We Know?
Leitner, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00268 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
The World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for <i>DSM-5</i>
Ustun, B., Adler, L. A., Rudin, C., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0298 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Deficient approaches to human neuroimaging
Stelzer, J., Lohmann, G., Mueller, K., Buschmann, T., & Turner, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00462 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Randomized comparative efficacy study of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with autism.
Kasari, C. L., Gulsrud, A. C., Paparella, T., Hellemann, G., & Berry, K. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039080 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study
Jensen, C. M., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0142-1 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD
Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M. J., & Kofman, M. D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years - early autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, seven sites, United States, 2010, 2012, and 2014
Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Bilder, D., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Pettygrove, S. D., Robinson, C., et al. (2019) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6802a1 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di): a novel computerized assessment for autism spectrum disorders
Skuse, D., Warrington, R., Bishop, D., Chowdhury, U., Lau, J., Mandy, W., & Place, M. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00008 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Howes, O. D., Rogdaki, M., Findon, J. L., Wichers, R. H., Charman, T., King, B. H., Loth, E., McAlonan, G. M., McCracken, J. T., Parr, J. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117741766 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Smith, T., & Iadarola, S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1077448 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Measuring autistic traits: heritability, reliability and validity of the Social and Communication Disorders Checklist
Skuse, D. H., Mandy, W. P. L., & Scourfield, J. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.6.568 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism
MRC AIMS consortium, Christakou, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A. B., Giampietro, V, Daly, E., Ecker, C., Robertson, D., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.185 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citation
A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations
Young, S., Moss, D., Sedgwick, O., Fridman, M., & Hodgkins, P. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000762 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citation
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND COMORBIDITY
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., & Wilens, T. (1999) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70163-2 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis, management, and health services development
Murphy, C. M., Wilson, C., Robertson, D., Ecker, C., Daly, E., Hammond, N., Galanopoulos, A., Dud, I., Murphy, D., & McAlonan, G. M. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s65455 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders
Lee, D. O., & Ousley, O. Y. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.737 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4138-9 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sinzig, J., Walter, D., & Döepfner, M. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708326261 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Non‐pharmacological treatments for ADHD: A lifespan approach
Young, S., & Amarasinghe, M. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02191.x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability
Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.2 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Autism and intellectual disability: a study of prevalence on a sample of the Italian population
La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Salvini, R., & Placidi, G. F. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00567.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent Symptoms: A randomized controlled trial
Emilsson, B., Gudjonsson, G., Sigurdsson, J. F., Baldursson, G., Einarsson, E., Olafsdottir, H., & Young, S. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-116 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults in the Netherlands
Michielsen, M., Semeijn, E., Comijs, H. C., van de Ven, P., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101196 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Evaluation of group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD
Bramham, J., Young, S., Bickerdike, A., Spain, D., McCartan, D., & Xenitidis, K. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708314596 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity: A review
Spain, D., Sin, J., Chalder, T., Murphy, D., & Happé, F. (2015) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.019 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Test Review: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part II): Toddler Module
McCrimmon, A. W., & Rostad, K. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282913490916 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR COMORBID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER IN HIGH-FUNCTIONING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL: Research Article: CBT for OCD for Adults with ASD
Russell, A. J., Jassi, A., Fullana, M. A., Mack, H., Johnston, K., Heyman, I., Murphy, D. G., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22053 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Stability of Autistic Traits in the General Population: Further Evidence for a Continuum of Impairment
Robinson, E., Münir, K., Munafo, M. R., Hughes, M., McCormick, M. C., & Koenen, K. C. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.005 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
ADHD with comorbid disorders: clinical assessment and management
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-4793 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Atomoxetine, Parent Training, and Their Combination in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Handen, B. L., Aman, M. G., Arnold, L. E., Hyman, S. L., Tumuluru, R. V., Lecavalier, L., Corbett-Dick, P., Pan, X., Hollway, J. A., Buchan-Page, K. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.013 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The comorbidity of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., & Faraone, S. V. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.840417 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Sturman, N., Deckx, L., & van Driel, M. L. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011144.pub2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Pharmacological Treatment of the Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Reichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Bloch, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1793-z · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective and prospective effectiveness study
Santosh, P. J., Baird, G., Pityaratstian, N., Tavare, E., & Gringras, P. (2006) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00631.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during temporal discounting in youth with attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism and comorbid ADHD and Autism
Chantiluke, K., Christakou, A., Murphy, C. M., Giampietro, V., Daly, E. M., Ecker, C., Brammer, M., Murphy, D. G., & Rubia, K. (2014) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.04.006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citation
Persistence and remission of ADHD during adulthood: a 7-year clinical follow-up study
Karam, R. G., Breda, V., Picon, F. A., Rovaris, D. L., Victor, M. M., Salgado, C. A. I., Vitola, E. S., Silva, K. L., Guimarães-da-Silva, P. O., Mota, N. R., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714003183 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A multinational study examining the cross cultural differences in reported symptoms of autism spectrum disorders: Israel, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America
Matson, J. L., Worley, J. A., Fodstad, J. C., Chung, K., Suh, D.-S., Jhin, H.-K., Ben‐Itzchak, E., Zachor, D. A., & Furniss, F. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.03.007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Autistic spectrum disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytical review
Hollingdale, J., Woodhouse, E., Young, S., Fridman, A., & Mandy, W. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002368 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry, 12th ed
Jenkins, J. A., & Kontos, N. J. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.16bk10716 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Are ASD and ADHD a Continuum? A Comparison of Pathophysiological Similarities Between the Disorders
Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., Sykes, L. K., Geier, M. R., & Deth, R. C. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712459886 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Avoiding the 'twilight zone': recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD
Young, S., Murphy, C. M., & Coghill, D. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-174 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Co-morbid psychiatric disorders among incarcerated ADHD populations: a meta-analysis
Young, S., Sedgwick, O., Fridman, M., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hodgkins, P., Lantigua, M., & González, R. A. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000598 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inter‐ethnic bias in teachers' ratings of childhood hyperactivity
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Minocha, K., Taylor, E. A., & Sandberg, S. T. (1993) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1993.tb00597.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult ADHD
Knouse, L. E., Teller, J., & Brooks, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000216 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and suicide
Furczyk, K., & Thome, J. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0150-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of questionnaires and diagnostic measures for autism spectrum disorders in adults: A systematic review
Wigham, S., Rodgers, J., Berney, T. P., Couteur, A. S. L., Ingham, B., & Parr, J. R. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317748245 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories
St. Pourcain, B., Mandy, W. P., Heron, J., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., & Skuse, D. H. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition
Weiss, L. G., Locke, V. N., Pan, T., Harris, J. G., Saklofske, D. H., & Prifitera, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815744-2.00005-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine in children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptoms: An analysis of secondary outcome measures
Politte, L. C., Scahill, L., Figueroa, J., McCracken, J. T., King, B., & McDougle, C. J. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0039-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders
MANCINI, C., VAN AMERINGEN, M., OAKMAN, J. M., & FIGUEIREDO, D. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007697 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Autistic Traits and Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Self-Harm in Late Adolescence: Population-Based Cohort Study
Culpin, I., Mars, B., Pearson, R. M., Golding, J., Heron, J., Bubak, I., Carpenter, P. K., Magnusson, C., Gunnell, D., & Rai, D. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.023 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM‐5
Sarmiento, C., & Lau, C. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch198 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a School-Implemented School–Home Intervention for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Impairment
Pfiffner, L. J., Rooney, M. E., Haack, L. M., Villodas, M. T., Delucchi, K., & McBurnett, K. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cognitive–behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid psychopathology: a randomized controlled trial using multi-level analysis
Young, S., Khondoker, M. R., Emilsson, B., Sigurðsson, J. F., Philipp-Wiegmann, F., Baldursson, G., Ólafsdóttir, H., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000756 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recommendations for the transition of patients with ADHD from child to adult healthcare services: a consensus statement from the UK adult ADHD network
Young, S., Adamou, M., Asherson, P. J., Coghill, D., Colley, B., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hollis, C. P., McCarthy, J. M., Müller, U., Paul, M., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1013-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Teenage parenthood and birth rates for individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study
Østergaard, S. D., Dalsgaard, S., Faraone, S. V., Munk-Olsen, T., & Laursen, T. M. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Translation and validation of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) for autism diagnosis in Brazil
Becker, M. M., Wagner, M. B., Bosa, C. A., Schmidt, C., Longo, D., Papaleo, C., & Riesgo, R. D. S. (2012) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2012000300006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial reporting functional outcomes of cognitive–behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and comorbid psychopathology
Young, S., Emilsson, B., Sigurðsson, J. F., Khondoker, M. R., Philipp-Wiegmann, F., Baldursson, G., Ólafsdóttir, H., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0735-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurodevelopmental disorders in prison inmates: comorbidity and combined associations with psychiatric symptoms and behavioural disturbance
Young, S., González, R. A., Mullens, H., Mutch, L., Malet-Lambert, I., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.036 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Surface-based shared and distinct resting functional connectivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Jung, M., Tu, Y., Park, J., Jorgenson, K., Lang, C., Song, W., & Kong, J. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.248 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Third Edition
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., & Ayearst, L. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1535 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
In transition with ADHD: the role of information, in facilitating or impeding young people’s transition into adult services
Price, A., Newlove‐Delgado, T., Eke, H., Paul, M., Young, S., Ford, T. J., & Janssens, A. I. W. A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2284-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
ADHD With Comorbid Disorders: Clinical Assessment and Management
Robinson, K. E., & Abright, A. R. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200009000-00023 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Psychological Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in People with Autism Spectrum Disorders – A Pilot Study
Russell, A., Mataix‐Cols, D., Anson, M. A. W., & Murphy, D. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000172622 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in community settings using the Development and Well‐Being Assessment: validation in a UK population‐based twin sample
McEwen, F. S., Stewart, C. S., Colvert, E., Woodhouse, E., Curran, S. R., Gillan, N., Hallett, V., Lietz, S., Garnett, T., Ronald, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12447 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sustained Effects of Collaborative School-Home Intervention for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Impairment
Pfiffner, L. J., Rooney, M. E., Jiang, Y., Haack, L. M., Beaulieu, A., & McBurnett, K. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Validation of existing diagnosis of autism in mainland China using standardised diagnostic instruments
Sun, X., Allison, C. L., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Zhang, Z., Matthews, F. E., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314556785 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recognizing the Problem of Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Third Edition
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., & Ayearst, L. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1535-2 · Cited by 25 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Ulberstad F. QbTest technical manual. rev. ed.”
Method
Adaptive Behavior Assessment System - Second Edition (ABAS-II) Adult-Other Rating Summary (Ages 16-89)
Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2010) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Commentary on ‘Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)’
Reiersen, A. M., & Handen, B. L. (2011) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.786 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Meta-Assurance: No Tic Exacerbation Caused by Stimulants
Friedland, S., & Walkup, J. T. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness and cortical surface area across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Preprint
Boedhoe, P. S. W., van Rooij, D., Hoogman, M., Twisk, J. W. R., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Alonso, P., Ameis, S. H., Владимирович, А. А., Anticevic, A., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/673012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A feasibility study of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation Mental Health Programme (R&R2MHP) in male offenders with intellectual disability
Waugh, A., Gudjonsson, G. H., Rees‐Jones, A., & Young, S. (2014) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.1907 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The R&R2 is tailored to the needs of its recipients, and compared to the original R&R, it includes more visual material, simpler language and some modified examples and exercises [116].”
MethodSelf-citation
Helping Children with ADHD
Young, S., & Smith, J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903155 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Helping Children with ADHD: A CBT Guide for Practitioners, Parents and Teachers
Young, S., & Smith, J. (2017) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Polygraphs and sex offenders
Marshall, D., & Thomas, T. (2015) · Probation Journal · doi:10.1177/0264550515571395 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Becoming a STAR detective! Your detective’s notebook for finding clues to how you feel
Rogers, R. A. (2017) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2017.1404722 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Becoming a STAR Detective!: Your Detective's Notebook for Finding Clues to How You Feel
Young, S. M. (2017) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Helping children with ADHD
Schwartz, C., Waddell, C., Barican, J., Andrés‐Roqueta, C., Yung, D., & Gray-Grant, D. (2017) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RATE Scales
Young, S. (2007) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t26807-000 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 118 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

[64]Constantino JN. Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS™-2), second edition. Manual. 2012.
[84]Kooij JJ Adult ADHD: diagnostic assessment and treatment 2013 3 London Springer
[88]Lord C Rutter M DiLavore PC Risi S Gotham K Bishop S Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS-2) manual (part I): modules 1–4 2012 Torrance Western Psychological Services
[91]Harrison P Oakland T Adaptive behavior assessment (ABAS-3) – third edition 2015 Bloomington Pearson
[92]Sparrow SS Cicchetti DV Saulnier CA Vineland adaptive behavior scales (Vineland-3) - third edition 2016 Bloomington Pearson
[105]Gudjonsson GH, Vrij A. A review of the current scientific status and fields of application of polygraphic deception of detection. Leicester: British Psychological Society; 2004. p. 1–31.
[129]Taylor DM, Barnes TR, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry, 13th edition. Chichester: Wiley; 2018.

Sorted by citations

Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings
Doherty, M., McCowan, S., & Shaw, S. C. (2023) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2023.0006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…by the fact that some autistic people, particularly those with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, may have become distracted (Young et al, 2020), so a simple prompt such as ‘are you still thinking?’ can sometimes be helpful. emotional space Identifying, processing and…”
Background
Police-induced confessions, 2.0: Risk factors and recommendations.
Kassin, S. M., Cleary, H. M. D., Gudjonsson, G. H., Leo, R. A., Meissner, C. A., Redlich, A. D., & Scherr, K. C. (2025) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000593 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citation
Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rodrigues, R., Lai, M., Beswick, A., Gorman, D. A., Anagnostou, E., Szatmari, P., Anderson, K. K., & Ameis, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13305 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mental health challenges faced by autistic people
Lai, M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01718-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“For ADHD symptoms, educational–behavioural support and environmental modification should be implemented first 208 , and if substantial impairments remain, medication treatment should follow meta-analysis-guided recommendations: methylphenidate as the first choice, followed by second-line options…”
Role of gastrointestinal health in managing children with autism spectrum disorder
Al‐Beltagi, M., Saeed, N. K., Bediwy, A. S., Elbeltagi, R. M., & Alhawamdeh, R. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.171 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Hyperfocus or flow? Attentional strengths in autism spectrum disorder
Dupuis, A., Mudiyanselage, P. K., Burton, C. L., Arnold, P. D., Crosbie, J., & Schachar, R. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886692 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“(39) warn that “concentration problems and/or overactivity may be less evident when individuals are engrossed in a topic or activity of interest”.”
Background
Prevalence and treatment of mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders in children with co‐occurring autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population‐based study
Casseus, M., Kim, W. J., & Horton, D. B. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2894 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Research examining children diagnosed with ASD + ADHD may reveal differences in this distinct population, which, in turn, may help guide effective interventions (Gordon-Lipkin et al., 2018; Young et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Autism in Africa: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and the impact of social and cultural factors on families and caregivers: a review
Aderinto, N., Olatunji, G. D., & Idowu, O. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001107 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In addition, mass media has been used to reach a wider audience and enhance the visibility of ASD([55]).”
Background
Improving Diagnostic Procedures in Autism for Girls and Women: A Narrative Review
Cook, J. M., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s372723 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“70 Additionally, it is important to consider and assess characteristics common to autistic girls and women not currently assessed using “gold standard” measures.”
Background
Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms
Manter, M. A., Birtwell, K. B., Bath, J., Friedman, N. D. B., Keary, C. J., Neumeyer, A. M., Palumbo, M. L., Thom, R. P., Stonestreet, E., Brooks, H., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03814-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A 2020 BMC Medicine publication from Young et al. focused on co-occuring ASD and ADHD offers thorough guidance on identifying and treating ADHD in the ASD population [31].”
Influential
Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Wang, S., Chen, D., Yang, Y., Zhu, L., Xiong, X., & Chen, A. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Such research results are consistent with the consensus of most scholars in the field that ASD intervention needs long-term continuous intervention (Young et al., 2020; Zachor & Curatolo, 2014).”
Result
Sex Differences in Co-occurring Conditions Among Autistic Children and Youth in Florida: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2012–2019)
Angell, A. M., Deavenport‐Saman, A., Yin, L., Zou, B., Bai, C., Varma, D. S., & Solomon, O. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04841-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psychoeducation Intervention Effectiveness to Improve Social Skills in Young People with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis
Powell, L., Parker, J. C., Weighall, A., & Harpin, V. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054721997553 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Evidence also favors providing age appropriate psychoeducation to CAYP with ADHD as a precursor to other formal treatment (Young et al., 2020) and suggests that parent education can improve treatment adherence in CAYP with ADHD (Nussey et al.”
Co-Occurring Physical Health Challenges in Neurodivergent Children and Young People: A Topical Review and Recommendation
Donaghy, B., Moore, D., & Green, J. (2023) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2022.2149471 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“However, not all neurodivergent people have a formal diagnosis, consistent with the current medical model (Young et al., 2020); a portion may not have a diagnosis or even be seeking one, but still perceive and experience the world differently to those con-”
Background
A systematic review of cannabidiol trials in neurodevelopmental disorders
Parrella, N.-F., Hill, A. T., Enticott, P. G., Barhoun, P., Bower, I. S., & Ford, T. C. (2023) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173607 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…and Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)approved medications used to treat irritability, aggression, and emotion dysregulation associated with ASD; risperidone and aripiprazole N.-F. Parrella et al. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 230 (2023) 173607 (LeClerc and Easley, 2015; Young, 2020).”
Background
Interaction of Heavy Metal Lead with Gut Microbiota: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tizabi, Y., Bennani, S., Kouhen, N. E., Getachew, B., & Aschner, M. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13101549 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s382571 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by verbal communication deficiency, social interaction impairment, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.(1) At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD are not clear.”
Background
Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
LaBianca, S., Brikell, I., Helenius, D., Loughnan, R., Mefford, J., Palmer, C., Walker, R. L., Gådin, J., Krebs, M., Appadurai, V., et al. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01593-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, the possibility that the core etiologies of both disorders could exist in an individual simultaneously is an active area of research and debate 55 .”
Interventions targeting the gut microbiota and their possible effect on gastrointestinal and neurobehavioral symptoms in autism spectrum disorder
Takyi, E., Nirmalkar, K., Adams, J. B., & Krajmalnik‐Brown, R. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2499580 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and ADHD
Hatch, B., Kadlaskar, G., & Miller, M. R. (2022) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.22808 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using Multimodal Time-Frequency Analysis with Machine Learning Using the Electroretinogram from Two Flash Strengths
Manjur, S. M., Díaz, L. R. M., Lee, I., Skuse, D., Thompson, D., Marmolejo‐Ramos, F., Constable, P. A., & Posada-Quintero, H. F. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06290-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The unique challenges posed by these disorders often necessitate specialized assistance (Young et al., 2020) and detecting these conditions at an early stage allows appropriate support (Hadders-Algra, 2021).”
Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Educational Attainment in Denmark
Schmidt, S. A. J., Mailhac, A. C., Darvalics, B., Mulick, A. R., Deleuran, M. S., Sørensen, H. T., Riis, J. L., & Langan, S. (2021) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.0009 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Defining Neurodiversity and Identifying Neurominorities
Doyle, N. (2024) · Palgrave studies in equity, diversity, inclusion, and indigenization in business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55072-0_2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
ADHD at Age 7 and Functional Impairments at Age 10
Efron, D., Nicholson, J. M., Anderson, V. A., Silk, T. J., Ukoumunne, O. C., Gülenç, A., Hazell, P., Jongeling, B., & Sciberras, E. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-1061 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“18 Emotional-behavioral and peer problems were measured by using the parent-reported SDQ. ASD symptoms were measured by using the 40-item, parent-report Social Communication Questionnaire Lifetime Form.”
Influential
Quality of Life and Child’s Autism-Specific Difficulties among Malaysian Main Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Asahar, S. F., Malek, K. A., & Isa, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189861 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Furthermore, approximately 70% of the children with ASD have at least one con-commitment psychiatric condition [7].”
Background
Intensive community care services for children and young people in psychiatric crisis: an expert opinion
Keiller, E., Masood, S., Wong, B. H.-C., Avent, C., Bediako, K., Bird, R. M., Boege, I., Casanovas, M., Dobler, V., James, M., et al. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02986-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Whilst useful, consensus-based guidelines, such as those modelled by Young et al. [35], are yet to be conducted for ICCS.”
MethodSelf-citation
Distinct Frontoparietal Brain Dynamics Underlying the Co-Occurrence of Autism and ADHD
Watanabe, D., & Watanabe, T. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0146-23.2023 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Associations of meeting 24-hour movement behavior guidelines with social and emotional function in youth with ASD/ADHD
Zhao, M., Hou, M., Herold, F., Chen, Y., Werneck, A. O., Block, M. E., Kramer, A. F., Taylor, A., Cunha, P. M., Chaput, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.086 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Case report: Treatment of persistent atypical odontalgia with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder with risperidone and atomoxetine
Kasahara, S., Takao, C., Matsudaira, K., Sato, N. S., Tu, T. T. H., Niwa, S., Uchida, K., & Toyofuku, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.926946 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Co-occurring ADHD symptoms in autistic adults are associated with less independence in daily living activities and lower subjective quality of life
Yerys, B. E., McQuaid, G. A., Lee, N. R., & Wallace, G. L. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221112198 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Alternatively, we may also reverse poorer outcomes with successful treatment in adulthood; see Young et al. (2020) for a recent consensus statement on treatment of ADHD symptoms in autistic people.”
Background
An investigation of ‘don't know’ and ‘direct explanation’ response styles on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale: A comparison of three different vulnerable adult groups
Gudjonsson, G. H., & Young, S. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110385 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring ADHD Symptoms and Associated Impairment Across Development
Niina, A., Eyre, O., Wootton, R., Stergiakouli, E., Thapar, A., & Riglin, L. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211025612 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…demands are somewhat uniform - compared to in young adulthood when individuals may be more able to select work or study environments that suit their strengths and use compensatory mechanisms which may reduce or mask their symptoms and associated impairment (Kysow et al., 2017; Young et al., 2020).”
An update on the comorbidity of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its clinical management
Petruzzelli, M. G., Matera, E., Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Gabellone, A., Cotugno, C., Annecchini, F., & Cortese, S. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2599856 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“● Timing: Begin psychoeducation sessions early in the treatment process but revisit them periodically to adapt to the evolving needs of the child and family [34,72].”
Influential
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Giliberti, A., Frisina, A. M., Giustiniano, S., Carbonaro, Y., Roccella, M., & Nardello, R. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14072431 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A multifactorial model for the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders: the role of advanced paternal age
Vervoort, I., Delger, C., & Soubry, A. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01435-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Assessing the quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study of contributing factors
Tedla, J. S., Asiri, F., Reddy, R. S., Sangadala, D. R., Gular, K., & Kakaraparthi, V. N. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1507856 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Professional collaboration for children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: a scoping review
Salminen, J., Laasanen, M., Leinonen, L., Karukivi, M., Vornanen, R., Alin, M., & Kyttälä, M. (2024) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2024.2314422 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…et al. 2020), child health issues and impairments (Grier and Bradley-Klug 2011), as well as other comorbidities, gender variations, assessment and intervention choices (Young et al. 2020 Professional networks should also learn how to support children’s learning and development (Äikäs et al. 2022).”
Influential
Potential Mechanisms Underlying Suicidality in Autistic People with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Testing Hypotheses from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Moseley, R., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P., Allison, C., Cassidy, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0042 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Status and Promising Directions
Vaidya, C. J., & Klein, C. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_334 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A data driven machine learning approach to differentiate between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on the best-practice diagnostic instruments for autism
Wolff, N., Kohls, G., Mack, J. T., Vahid, A., Elster, E. M., Stroth, S., Poustka, L., Küpper, C. S., Roepke, S., Kamp‐Becker, I., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21719-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Management of sleep disorders in autism spectrum disorder with co-occurring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians
Petti, T. A., Gupta, M., Fradkin, Y., & Gupta, N. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.589 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“51,52 Decreases and increases in gene expression caused by both loss and gain of genetic material represented by CNVs are associated with ASD/ADHD/sleep disruption.”
BackgroundInfluential
“A bit lost”—Living with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the transition between adolescence and adulthood: an exploratory qualitative study
Rasmussen, I. L., Schei, J., & Ørjasæter, K. B. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01522-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Further, adjustments may improve educational possibilities and adult life outcomes [42].”
Background
Validity of the SNAP-IV For ADHD Assessment in South African Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Zieff, M. R., Hoogenhout, M., Eastman, E., Christ, B. U., Galvin, A., de Menil, V. P., Abubakar, A. A., Newton, C. R. J. C., Robinson, E., & Donald, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05530-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“on rating scales to quantify the severity of impairments, to monitor changes in behavior over time or monitor impact of interventions (Young et al., 2020).”
Comparing eating and mealtime experiences in families of children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dual diagnosis
Matthews, Z., Pigden-Bennett, D., Tavassoli, T., & Snuggs, S. J. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241277605 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Hollingdale et al. (2020) propose that children with ASC + ADHD may combine the unique profiles associated with each condition, following the theory of additivity.”
Influential
Distinct and shared white matter abnormalities when ADHD is comorbid with ASD: A preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study
Hung, Y., Dallenbach, N. T., Green, A., Gaillard, S. L., Capella, J., Hoskova, B., Vater, C. H., Cooper, E., Rudberg, N., Takahashi, A., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115039 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Genetic Overlap Between Midfrontal Theta Signals and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Longitudinal Twin Cohort
Aydın, Ü., Gyurkovics, M., Ginestet, C. E., Simone, J., Greven, C. U., Palmer, J. A., & McLoughlin, G. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.05.006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“ASD shows high rates of cooccurrence with ADHD (44,45) and twin, family and genetic studies suggest common Jo urn al Pr e-p ro f”
Identification and support of autistic individuals within the UK Criminal Justice System: a practical approach based upon professional consensus with input from lived experience
Woodhouse, E., Hollingdale, J., Davies, L., Al‐Attar, Z., Young, S., Vinter, L. P., Agyemang, K., Bartlett, C., Berryessa, C. M., Chaplin, E., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03320-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Real-world evaluation of prevalence, cohort characteristics, and healthcare utilization and expenditures among adults and children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or both
Zaleski, A. L., Craig, K. J. T., Khan, R., Waber, R., Xin, W., Powers, M., Ramey, U., Verbrugge, D. J., & Fernandez-Turner, D. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13296-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Integrating evidence-based interventions with common therapeutic goals such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, medication management, or supportive lifestyle changes, can potentially address multiple overlapping conditions [10].”
Epidemiological and Psychosocial Correlates of Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Deficits among Children and Adolescents in Oman: A Literature Review
Al‐Adawi, S., Ganesh, A., Al-Harthi, L., Saadoon, M. A., Al‐Sibani, N., & Eswaramangalam, A. (2022) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-022-09988-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, semi-structured interviews tend to generate lower rates of prevalence than the ADHD symptom checklist (Young et al., 2020).”
Background
ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Majewski, M. K., & Kozłowska, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This places ADHD among the most heritable psychiatric disorders, underscoring inherited neurobiological vulnerability as a central etiological component [50].”
Unravelling the role of Interleukin-12 in Neuroinflammatory mechanisms: Pathogenic pathways linking Neuroinflammation to neuropsychiatric disorders
Chauhan, R., Mohan, M., Mannan, A., Devi, S., & Singh, T. G. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114654 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Harnessing the Power of Mobile Phone Technology: Screening and Identifying Autism Spectrum Disorder With Smartphone Apps
Reddy, K. S., Taksande, A. M., & Kurian, B. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“User feedback guides iterative development, resulting in more effective, inclusive, and empathetic screening solutions [77].”
Background
Addressing multiple neurodivergent identities in clinical and research settings
Chellappa, S. L. (2024) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(24)00261-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pacing Forward in the Face of Fragility: Lessons From African Institutions and Governments' Response to Public Health Emergencies
Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y., Ssewanyana, D., & Ddumba-Nyanzi, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.714812 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Millennium Nutrient N,N-Dimethylglycine (DMG) and its Effectiveness in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Dhanjal, D. S., Bhardwaj, S., Chopra, C., Singh, R., Patočka, J., Plucar, B., Nepovimová, E., Vališ, M., & Kuča, K. (2021) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867328666211125091811 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unraveling functional neurological disorder in pediatric populations: A systematic review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes
Al‐Beltagi, M., Saeed, N. K., Bediwy, A. S., Bediwy, E. A., & Elbeltagi, R. M. (2025) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v14.i3.105290 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Comorbid ASD, ADHD and Psychosis: A Case Report
Scarselli, V., Martucci, M., Novelli, M., Galosi, S., Romani, M., & Sogos, C. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12100382 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“At this regard, the evidence confirms that the secondgeneration antipsychotics, particularly risperidone and aripiprazole, have been used for the short-term treatment of angry outbursts in children and adolescents with ASD, some of whom will have ADHD [25].”
Background
The utility of the autism-spectrum quotient to screen for autism spectrum disorder in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Bemmouna, D., Weibel, S., Kosel, M., Hasler, R., Weiner, L., & Perroud, N. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114580 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of an acute bout of exercise on executive function and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Walters, G. W. M., Taylor, S. E., Sweeney, E. L., Cooper, S. B., Williams, R. A., & Dring, K. J. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100624 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Screening doctors in training for dyslexia: the benefits of an inclusive screening approach
O’Dwyer, S., Lavington, G., Miller, J. L., Elfes, C., Calogeras, A., & El-Bakri, F. (2024) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgae162 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cognitive Profiles of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder on the Japanese Version of WISC-IV:
Okada, S., Iiri, C., Azumi, Y., & Ohtani, K. (2021) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.69.254 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sex differences in conduct and emotional outcomes for young people with hyperactive/inattentive traits and social communication difficulties between 9 and 16 years of age: a growth curve analysis
Hollingdale, J., Woodhouse, E., Young, S., Gudjonsson, G. H., Charman, T., & Mandy, W. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001416 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In addition, females with ADHD differ from males in their symptom profile, co-occurring conditions and functional impairments (Biederman et al., 2005; Young et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Treatment Outcomes in an Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Clinic With a Focus on Executive Functioning and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
Gaur, S., & Pallanti, S. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.9814 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A US national update of health condition prevalence among privately-insured autistic adults
Longo, A., Radford, D., & Hand, B. N. (2024) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.57264/cer-2023-0051 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in ADHDPreprint
Schork, A., LaBianca, S., Brickell, I., Helenius, D., Loughnan, R., Mefford, J., Palmer, C., Walker, R. L., Gådin, J., Krebs, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.21260299 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cognitive and emotional profiles in children with ASD, ADHD, and comorbid presentations: evidence for a distinct clinical phenotype
Narzisi, A., Barbetti, F., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Berloffa, S., Fantozzi, P., Viglione, V., Muccio, R., Valente, E., Accorinti, I., Foti, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1765698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Time to Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children with Coexisting Developmental Behavioral Disorders
Lau, D., Tybor, D. J., Perrin, E. C., & Sakai, C. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001047 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“, avoiding family outings or social events) or the use of compensatory strategies leading to underestimation of the functional impact of difficulties.(25) Another possibility is that the full constellation of questions ruling out an ASD diagnosis is not asked at the time of initial assessment.”
Background
Psychopathologies Associated with ASD: Anxiety, OCD, Depression, and ADHD
Braconnier, M. L., Garza, I., & Moskowitz, L. J. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clinical Neuropsychological Profile and Interventions for Co-Occurrence of ADHD and ASD
Theodoratou, M., Kougioumtzis, G. Α., Yotsidi, V., Andriopoulou, P., Megari, K., Koundourou, C., Siouti, Z., & Argyrides, M. (2024) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4022-6.ch011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Treatment Guidelines
Tomiyama, S., Yoshida, K., Tani, H., & Uchida, H. (2025) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2514-4452 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A multimodal approach for ADHD with coexisting ASD detection for children
Shin, J., Konnai, S., Maniruzzaman, M., Tomioka, Y., Hwang, Y. S., Megumi, A., & Yasumura, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05000-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Scoping review of evidence-based practice guidelines for the evaluation and care of young children with developmental disabilities in LMIC settings: evidence for action
Magai, D., Berman, B. D., Mutua, A., Smythe, T., Olusanya, B., Gulati, S., Mwesige, A. K., Blaikie, A., Lusobya, R., Coghill, D., et al. (2025) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003571 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effectiveness of vestibular and proprioceptive exercises in reducing hyperactivity in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Erik, E., Safran, E. E., & Şevgi̇n, Ö. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202543 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“We call it Bokoa jwa tlhaloganyo”: Setswana parents’ perspective on autism spectrum disorder
Melamu, N. J., Tsabedze, W. F., Erasmus, P., & Schlebusch, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1381160 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluation of the patient profile and health interventions offered by a multidisciplinary Intellectual Disability health team
Bull, D., Garg, P., Lai, T., Reid, N., Farrell, B., O’Hea, C., & Raman, S. (2025) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295251319127 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Analysis of risk signals for Viloxazine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on the FAERS database
Wang, S., Jiang, Y., Du, Z., Lu, R., Gao, X., Tian, L., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.087 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effect of Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on Face Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Transdiagnostic Profiles
Chen, Q., Wang, Z., Wan, B., Chen, Q., Zhai, K., & Yu, J. Z. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070859 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Successful diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in later life of an adult with intellectual disability: A case report
Raji, O., & Javaid, S. (2022) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/bld.12446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fecal microbial transplantation as a novel therapeutic for autism spectrum disorders: a review of the current literature
Gudka, R., & Nyinoh, I. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2023.1222089 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Developmental and Psychiatric Conditions Among 5–7 Year Old Children with Non-persistent and Persistent Autism
Harstad, E. B., Golden, M. J., Sideridis, G. D., Brewster, S. J., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06628-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Children with co-existing ASD and ADHD have increased risk for negative psychosocial outcomes and treating ADHD symptoms could reduce these risks (Leader et al., 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2021; Young et al., 2020).”
Promoting inclusive education and special needs support through psychological and educational frameworks
Hanson, U., Okonkwo, C. A., & Orakwe, C. U. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences · doi:10.51594/ijarss.v6i12.1783 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Missed opportunities to prevent risk of offending in young people with ADHD – a service evaluation from a central London FCAMHS service
Ross-Michaelides, A., Hales, H., Smith, J. G., Sandiford, M. A., Sri, A. S., & Moran, D. (2024) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2024.2387719 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“ADHD has a unique treatment pathway (NICE guideline, 2018; Young et al., 2020) with pharmacotherapy available for YP through CAMHS (Cortese et al., 2018; Mechler et al., 2022) alongside other multimodal treatments (Drechsler et al., 2020), such as non-violent resistance (NVR, Smith et al., 2022).”
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional behavioral problems: The mediating effect of executive function
Baamer, M. Y. I. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2025.2485418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adolescent body dysmorphic disorder: Insight, executive function, and rates of ADHD and Autistic traits
Lavell, C. H., Oar, E. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.074 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Challenges in diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric practice: A regional and global perspective
Al‐Beltagi, M., Mani, B. S., Hantash, E. M., Zahrani, A. A. A., & Toema, O. (2025) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.111684 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effectiveness of an online‐based psychosocial program for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders – a randomized controlled trial
Pardo‐Salamanca, A., Gómez-García, S., Santamarina, C., Pastor, G., & Berenguer, C. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70044 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Diagnostic Potential of Eye Tracking to Detect Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review
Cara, M. D., Domenico, C. D., Piccolo, A., Alito, A., Costa, L., Quartarone, A., & Cucinotta, F. (2026) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci14010028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This broad spectrum of co-occurring conditions can obscure the clinical picture and reinforces the necessity for a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach [10,11].”
Validation and Normative Data Study for the Turkish Version of the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC-TR)
Şandor, S., Hıdıroğlu, C., Tanfer, M. C., GÜRKAŞ, S., Bora, E., & Yıldırım, E. (2026) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acag005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From genes to networks: neurobiological bases of neurodiversity across common developmental disorders
Ding, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1761279 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ADHD, Distractibility, and ABA
Orantes, D., Rohacek, A., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurodiversity in Veterinary Medicine, Does Lack of Data Mean Lack of Awareness, Understanding and Support?
Abbondati, E., Pickles, K. J., Denk, D., Rasotto, R., Małek, E., & Palmieri, C. (2025) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/vop.70070 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CARE: Comprehensive Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Reliable Autism Evaluation in Pediatric Care
Moon, J., & Woo, J. (2025) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.067784 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurochemical Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Correction of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Concepts and Prospects
Алымов, А. А., Капица, И. Г., & Воронина, Т. А. (2021) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712421020033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Progress Monitoring During the Treatment of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Tevis, C. M., Callahan, M., & Matson, J. L. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06120-2_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factor Structure of Autism Symptoms in 5-6-Year-Old Children: Age Perspective
Nasledov, A., Tkacheva, L. O., & Александрович, М. С. (2024) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Autistic Children
Davis, N., Carpenter, K. L. H., Sabatos-DeVito, M., Spanos, M., Reed, A., Aiello, R., Schechter, J. C., Chandrasekhar, T., Compton, S., Franz, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2521856 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In recognition of this gap, expert-informed consensus recommendations for the assessment and treatment of co-occurring autism and ADHD were recently published (Young et al., 2020).”
ADHD Co-Occurring Conditions: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Das, J., & Biswal, J. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1011823 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acceptability and Pilot Validation of the Diagnostic Autism Spectrum Interview (DASI-2) Compared with Clinical and ADOS-2 Outcomes
Young, S., Kollárovics, N., Farkas, B. F., Torzsa, T., Cseh, R., Dallos, G., & Balázs, J. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12081025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) IN ADULTS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Winogrodzki, I., Trzciński, B., Kowalczyk, P., Gugała, O., Stryczek-Schlusche, A., Furczyńska, A. M., Bracichowicz, F., Gęsińska, A., Paszkiewicz, H., & Nowak, K. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pathological Insights into Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Perspectives for the Development of Novel Treatment Approaches
Agarwal, U., Paliwal, S., Yadav, V., Pannu, A. S., Tonk, R. K., & Verma, S. K. (2025) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273402657250905055635 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The relationship between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A critical review of the effects of DSM 5 criteria and the implications for treatment
Saccani, M., Buzzi, E., & Paccione, F. (2013) · OA Autism · doi:10.13172/2052-7810-1-3-1103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guidelines for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and associated fetal alcohol spectrum disorders based upon expert consensus
Young, S., Absoud, M., Blackburn, C., Branney, P., Colley, B., Farrag, E., Fleisher, S., Gregory, G., Gudjonsson, G. H., Kim, K., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1027-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and ADHD
Hatch, B., Kadlaskar, G., & Miller, M. R. (2022) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.22808 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Santosh, P., & Colonneli, M. C. (2012) · Cutting Edge Psychiatry in Practice · doi:10.65031/ijhu1555
Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement
Young, S., Abbasian, C., Al‐Attar, Z., Branney, P., Colley, B., Cortese, S., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hill, P., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Young, S., Hollingdale, J., Absoud, M., Bolton, P., Branney, P., Colley, W., Craze, E., Dave, M., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Liang, H.-L., Murphy, C., Mackintosh, P., Murin, M., O’Regan, F., Ougrin, D., Rios, P., Stover, N., Taylor, E., & Woodhouse, E.
Affiliations: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
King's College London (GB)
Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust (GB)
Anna Freud Centre (GB)
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (US)
Corresponding author: Young, Susan
ORCID: Young, Susan
Hollingdale, Jack
Absoud, Michael
Bolton, Patrick
Deeley, Quinton
Gudjonsson, Gisli
Murphy, Clodagh
Ougrin, Dennis
Taylor, Eric
Woodhouse, Emma
Venue: BMC Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-05-25
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 146-146
ISSN: 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y
PMC: PMC7247165
OpenAlex: W3028177668
Cited by: 162
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 5
FWCI: 12.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: King's College London
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King's College London, University of London
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, diagnosis, assessment, rating scales, clinical reporting, non-pharmacological treatment, psychoeducation, carer training, behavioral interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, educational intervention, career guidance, pharmacotherapy, lifespan care, children, adolescents and adults
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks