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The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter‐rater reliability and clinical use
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) is a schedule for the diagnosis of autistic spectrum and related disorders and assessment of individual needs. It enables information to be recorded systematically for a wide range of behaviours and developmental skills and is suitable for use with all ages and levels of ability. In addition to helping the clinician to obtain a profile of each individual's pattern of development and behaviour, the DISCO also enables identification of specific features found in autistic spectrum disorders that are relevant for use with established diagnostic systems. Method: This paper describes the historical background of the DISCO, outlines its structure and reports the results of an inter‐rater reliability study with parents of 82 children aged 3 to 11 years with autistic spectrum disorder, learning disability, language disorder or typical development. Results: Inter‐rater reliability for the items in the interview was high (kappa coefficient or intra‐class correlation at .75 or higher). This level of agreement was achieved for over 80% of the interview items.
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“Two psychiatrists (HK and TM) confirmed the diagnosis using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders.26”
From Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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Items 101–200 of 697
Tanabe, H. C., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Koike, T., Hayashi, M. J., Izuma, K., Komeda, H., Ishitobi, M., Omori, M., Munesue, T., et al. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268 · Cited by 103
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“1989) or the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication (Wing et al. 2002).”
MethodBrugha, T. S., & Spiers, N. (2012) · doi:10.5255/ukda-sn-7082-1 · Cited by 104
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“Baron-‐Cohen et al (2005), Gillberg et al (2001), and Wing et al (2002) have specifically examined the differential expression of the autism disorders across ages.”
BackgroundIs autism spectrum disorder common in schizophrenia?
Unenge Hallerbäck, M., Lugnegård, T., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.016 · Cited by 103
“Parents were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO-11) (Wing et al., 2002).”
MethodChaste, P., Clément, N., Mercati, O., Guillaume, J., Delorme, R., Goubran‐Botros, H., Pagan, C., Périvier, S., Scheid, I., Nygren, G., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011495 · Cited by 103
“In Sweden, the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO-10) [29] was used instead of the ADI-R in some cases.”
MethodChildhood onset neuropsychiatric disorders in adult eating disorder patients: A pilot study
Wentz, E., Lacey, J. H., Waller, G., Råstam, M., Turk, J., & Gillberg, C. (2005) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0494-3 · Cited by 130
“For collateral interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) pertaining to ASD diagnoses has shown good validity and reliability [22, 34].”
BackgroundNygren, G., Cederlund, M., Sandberg, E., Gillstedt, F., Arvidsson, T., Gillberg, I. C., Andersson, G. W., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1391-x · Cited by 107
“(DISCO-11) (Nygren et al. 2009; Wing et al. 2002) was performed in two thirds of the cases, but was considered too cumbersome for parents with limited Swedish or English skills (plus a few had problems attending the very long scheduled visits for the several hour interview).”
MethodInfluentialEmotional and behavioural problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Chandler, S., Howlin, P., Simonoff, E., O'Sullivan, T., Tseng, E., Kennedy, J., Charman, T., & Baird, G. (2016) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12830 · Cited by 100
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Assessments of sensory processing in infants: a systematic review
EELES, A. L., SPITTLE, A. J., ANDERSON, P. J., BROWN, N., LEE, K. J., BOYD, R. N., & DOYLE, L. W. (2013) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04434.x · Cited by 99
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: impact of diagnostic instrument and non-response bias
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“Posserud) assessed 48 of the 56 ASSQ screen-positive children in the third phase with the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication disorders (DISCO), tenth revision [35].”
BackgroundChildhood autism, feeding problems and failure to thrive in early infancy
Keen, D. V. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0655-7 · Cited by 100
CD38 and its role in oxytocin secretion and social behavior
Higashida, H., Yokoyama, S., Kikuchi, M., & Munesue, T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.011 · Cited by 98
A new screening programme for autism in a general population of Swedish toddlers
Nygren, G., Sandberg, E., Gillstedt, F., Ekeroth, G., Arvidsson, T., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.018 · Cited by 102
Reliability of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnostic For Children (ASD-DC)
Matson, J. L., González, M. L., Wilkins, J. W., & Rivet, T. T. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.11.001 · Cited by 97
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“DISCO also contains items concerning early development and a section on activities of daily living that provide data regarding functioning in areas other than in the social and communication domains [32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrevalence of Autism Spectrum Phenomenology in Cornelia de Lange and Cri du Chat Syndromes
Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Berg, K., Kaur, G., Jephcott, L., & Cornish, K. M. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[278:poaspi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 94
Bicer, A. H., & Alsaffar, A. A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.024 · Cited by 93
Wigham, S., Rodgers, J., Berney, T. P., Couteur, A. S. L., Ingham, B., & Parr, J. R. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317748245 · Cited by 98
“Participants were diagnosed prior to the study, though diagnoses of ASD and schizophrenia were confirmed in this study using the DISCO-11 (Wing et al., 2002) and the SCID-1 (Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCurtin, P., Austin, C., Curtin, A., Gennings, C., Arora, M., (for the Emergent Dynamical Systems Group), Tammimies, K., Willfors, C., Berggren, S., Siper, P., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat1293 · Cited by 90
Prevalence of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kent, R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805122-1.00002-8 · Cited by 114
Brugha, T. S., Doos, L., Tempier, A., Einfeld, S., & Howlin, P. (2015) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1466 · Cited by 97
Increased Prepulse Inhibition and Sensitization of the Startle Reflex in Autistic Children
Madsen, G. F., Bilenberg, N., Cantio, C., & Oranje, B. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1337 · Cited by 83
Itahashi, T., Yamada, T., Nakamura, M., Watanabe, H., Yamagata, B., Jimbo, D., Shioda, S., Kuroda, M., Toriizuka, K., Kato, N., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.019 · Cited by 91
“These GM changes were linked with a pattern of decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in several white matter tracts, such as the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculi, bilateral inferior frontooccipital fasciculi, and bilateral corticospinal tracts.”
BackgroundMethodAspects of Sexuality in Adolescents and Adults Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Childhood
Fernandes, L. C., Gillberg, C. I., Cederlund, M., Hagberg, B. S., Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2855-9 · Cited by 95
“In the sample, parents/caregivers of 39 individuals responded to the questions from the DISCO regarding inappropriate sexual behaviors (information missing for 37 individuals).”
BackgroundInfluentialWoodbury‐Smith, M., & Volkmar, F. R. (2008) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0 · Cited by 103
Bertoglio, K., & Hendren, R. L. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.004 · Cited by 88
Both rare and common genetic variants contribute to autism in the Faroe Islands
Leblond, C. S., Cliquet, F., Carton-Buonafine, C., Huguet, G., Mathieu, A., Kergrohen, T., Buratti, J., Lemière, N., Cuisset, L., Bienvenu, T., et al. (2019) · npj Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41525-018-0075-2 · Cited by 86
“Screen-positive children were thoroughly examined via Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorder (DISCO-10 in 2002 and DISCO-11 in 2009) (60) of one or both parents and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 3r edition (WISC) or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (WAIS).”
McKay, L. S., Simmons, D. R., McAleer, P., Marjoram, D. K. S., Piggot, J., & Pollick, F. E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.033 · Cited by 91
“…diagnosis of having an autism spectrum disorder according to DSM-IV criteria from a qualified clinician, using either the Autism Diagnostic Interview (4 participants) (Lord et al., 1994), or the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (6 participants) (Wing et al., 2002).”
Duerden, E. G., Taylor, M. J., Lee, M., McGrath, P. A., Davis, K. D., & Roberts, S. W. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.02.001 · Cited by 84
Larson, T., Lundström, S., Nilsson, T., Selinus, E. N., Råstam, M., Lichtenstein, P., Gumpert, C. H., Anckarsäter, H. S., & Kerekes, N. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-233 · Cited by 83
Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: who will get a DSM‐5 diagnosis?
Kent, R. G., Carrington, S. J., Couteur, A. S. L., Gould, J., Wing, L., Maljaars, J., Noens, I. L. J., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I., & Leekam, S. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12085 · Cited by 82
“Full details of participants’ clinical and demographic characteristics can be found in previous reports for Samples 1 (Leekam et al., 2002; Wing et al., 2002), 2 (Maljaars et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAcupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Cheuk, D. K., Wong, V. C. N., & Chen, W. X. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007849.pub2 · Cited by 84
McWilliam, R. A., Casey, A. M., & Sims, J. K. (2009) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0b013e3181abe1dd · Cited by 90
Kumazaki, H., Muramatsu, T., Yoshikawa, Y., Corbett, B. A., Matsumoto, Y., Higashida, H., Yuhi, T., Ishiguro, H., Mimura, M., & Kikuchi, M. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319827134 · Cited by 82
“It also contains items on early development, and a section on activities of daily life, thereby giving the interviewer an idea of the individual’s level of functioning in several different areas, not only social functioning and communication (Wing, Leekam, Libby, Gould, & Larcombe, 2002).”
BackgroundNygren, G., Hagberg, B. S., Billstedt, E., Skoglund, Å., Gillberg, C., & Johansson, M. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0678-z · Cited by 81
“A detailed description of the historical background and the development of the DISCO have been published by Wing et al. (2002) .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrugha, T. S., McManus, S., Smith, J., Scott, F. J., Meltzer, H., Purdon, S., Berney, T., Tantam, D., Robinson, J., Radley, J., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001292 · Cited by 78
“In phase 3, informant-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) and Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) developmental assessments were completed (n=56).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics.
Billstedt, E., Anckarsäter, H., Wallinius, M., & Hofvander, B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.004 · Cited by 70
“Participants who showed signs of an autism spectrum disorder were later offered a specialized clinical, semistructured diagnostic interview (Wing et al., 2002) or observational assessment (Lord et al.”
Mercati, O., Huguet, G., Danckaert, A., André-Leroux, G., Maruani, A., Bellinzoni, M., Rolland, T., Gouder, L., Mathieu, A., Buratti, J., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.61 · Cited by 87
“65 In a few cases, the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO-10) 66 was used instead of the ADI-R.”
Crane, L., Davidson, I. A., Prosser, R., & Pellicano, E. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.12 · Cited by 78
Helles, A., Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., & Billstedt, E. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316650090 · Cited by 79
“Diagnostic assessment was based on ASDI and clinical assessment, and non-diagnosis was, in most cases, confirmed using the Diagnostic Interview of Social and Communicative Disorders (Wing et al., 2002) with a parent (Helles et al.”
MethodBoterberg, S., Charman, T., Marschik, P. B., Bölte, S., & Roeyers, H. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.013 · Cited by 77
Turk, J., BAX, M. C. O., Williams, C., Amin, P. A., Eriksson, M. A., & Gillberg, C. (2009) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01184.x · Cited by 77
“A Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the two samples in terms of their DISCO item ratings.”
MethodInfluentialTrajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life
Stringer, D., Kent, R., Briskman, J., Lukito, S., Charman, T., Baird, G., Lord, C., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908972 · Cited by 75
“Infant and toddler development was retrospectively tapped using 17 items from the Diagnostic Interview for Social Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al. (2002)), producing scores ranging from 0 to 34, with higher scores indicating abnormality.”
Social cognition impairments in Asperger syndrome and schizophrenia
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., Hjärthag, F., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.001 · Cited by 81
“None of the DISCO-11-assessed cases fulfilled criteria of PDD-NOS, and individuals with an original clinical diagnosis of PDD-NOS were never included in the study.”
MethodInfluentialHigashida, H., Yokoyama, S., Huang, J., Liu, L., Ma, W., Akther, S., Higashida, C., Kikuchi, M., Minabe, Y., & Munesue, T. (2012) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.030 · Cited by 74
Vitamin D in the general population of young adults with autism in the faroe islands
Kočovská, E., Andorsdóttir, G., Weihe, P., Halling, J., Fernell, E., Stóra, T., Biskupstø, R., Gillberg, I. C., Shea, R., Billstedt, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2155-1 · Cited by 64
“…and they were assessed using a variety of standardized structured and semi-structured instruments and tests: the diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO) (Wing et al. 2002), Wechsler Intelligence Scales (Wechsler 1981, 1992) and the ADOS (Lord et al. 1989) (see below).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNicolson, G. L., Gan, R., Nicolson, N. L., & Haier, J. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.21203 · Cited by 70
“Tanoue et al., 1988), and maternal viral infections during the second trimester of pregnancy are associated with increased risk of autism in the offspring (Ciaranello and Ciaranello, 1995; Wilkerson et al., 2002 ).”
BackgroundTeaching Emotion Recognition Skills to Children with Autism
Ryan, C., & Charragáin, C. N. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1009-8 · Cited by 78
“…undergone multidisciplinary assessments by the Regional Autism Service using both the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS, Lord et al. 1989) and diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO, Wing et al. 2002) and had been diagnosed with an Childhood Autism (ICD-10).”
MethodGrahame, V., Brett, D., Dixon, L., McConachie, H., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., Steen, N., & Couteur, A. S. L. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2474-x · Cited by 81
The Frequency of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in a Community Sample of 15-Month-Old Infants
Arnott, B., McConachie, H., Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Couteur, A. S. L., Turner, M., Parkinson, K. N., Vittorini, L., & Leekam, S. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181d5a2ad · Cited by 68
Self-citationWhat the DSM-5 Portends for Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mahjouri, S., & Lord, C. E. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0327-2 · Cited by 66
“Currently, most researchers use measures such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [6] or the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders [7] to obtain early developmental history from parents, along with semi-structured, standardized observations such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedul…”
MethodDiagnosing autism spectrum disorders in elderly people
van Niekerk, M. E. H., Groen, W. B., Vissers, C., van Driel, D. T. J. W., Kan, C. C., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210002152 · Cited by 77
“The same holds for the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication disorders (DISCO; Wing et al., 2002) and the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3di; Skuse et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDanielsson, S., Viggedal, G., Gillberg, C., & Olssøn, I. (2007) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.10.007 · Cited by 66
Påhlman, M., Gillberg, C., & Himmelmann, K. (2021) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14736 · Cited by 65
“Population size 200 30 (15) 29 (14) 31 (16) 110 (55) 59 (30) 60 (30) Sex Males 109 20 (18) 17 (16) 16 (15) 56 (51) 37 (34) 33 (30) Females 91 10 (11) 12 (13) 15 (17) 54 (59) 22 (24) 27 (30) Gestational age, wks 23–27 20 4 (20) 7 (35) 4 (20) 5 (25) 11 (55) 11 (55) 28–31 22 5 (23) 2 (9) 2 (9) 13 (59) 7 (32) 4 (18) 32–36…”
Long-term oxytocin administration improves social behaviors in a girl with autistic disorder
Kosaka, H., Munesue, T., Ishitobi, M., Asano, M., Omori, M., Sato, M., Tomoda, A., & Wada, Y. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-110 · Cited by 65
“K. diagnosed her as having autistic disorder on the basis of the classifications in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and standardized criteria using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders…”
Chlamydophila pneumoniaeInfection and Its Role in Neurological Disorders
Contini, C., Seraceni, S., Cultrera, R., Castellazzi, M., Granieri, E., & Fainardi, E. (2010) · Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1155/2010/273573 · Cited by 66
“Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurobehavioral diseases of unknown aetiology, which include autism, attention deficit disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, and so forth, which causes are unknown but appear to include genetic defects, heavy metal, and chemical and biological exposures [160].”
BackgroundWilkes, B. J., & Lewis, M. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.022 · Cited by 64
Reduced long-range functional connectivity in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Kikuchi, M., Yoshimura, Y., Hiraishi, H., Munesue, T., Hashimoto, T., Tsubokawa, T., Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Higashida, H., & Minabe, Y. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu049 · Cited by 64
Lo, S. T., Siemensma, E. P. C., Collin, P. J. L., & Hokken‐Koelega, A. C. S. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.024 · Cited by 64
“DISCO was chosen because it diagnoses disorders within the broader ‘‘autism spectrum’’ (Wing et al., 2002).”
MethodEating disturbances in autism spectrum disorders with focus on adolescent and adult years.
Råstam, M. (2008) · Cited by 63
Cohort Profile: The Gateshead Millennium Study
Parkinson, K. N., Pearce, M. S., Dale, A., Reilly, J. J., Drewett, R. F., Wright, C. M., Relton, C. L., McArdle, P., Le Couteur, A. S., & Adamson, A. J. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq015 · Cited by 62
Autism in the Faroe Islands. An Epidemiological Study
Ellefsen, A., Kampmann, H., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0178-y · Cited by 67
“All children in the final sample (n = 41) meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for an autism spectrum disorder (and at least one of their parents, usually the mother) were seen by at least one of the two psychologists, who used the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders/DISCO-10 ( Wing, Leekam, Li…”
MethodMukherjee, R., Layton, M., Yacoub, E., & Turk, J. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.5042/amhid.2011.0015 · Cited by 63
Autistic Traits in Treatment-Seeking Transgender Adults
Nobili, A., Glazebrook, C., Bouman, W. P., Glidden, D., Baron‐Cohen, S., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., & Arcelus, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3557-2 · Cited by 60
Brignell, A., Morgan, A. T., Woolfenden, S. R., Klopper, F., May, T., Sarkozy, V., & Williams, K. J. (2018) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941518767610 · Cited by 61
Uljarević, M., Arnott, B., Carrington, S. J., Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., McConachie, H., Couteur, A. S. L., & Leekam, S. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000324 · Cited by 62
Self-citationDiagnosing autism in neurobiological research studies
Jones, R. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.037 · Cited by 56
“Clinical observation tools such as the ADOS, the Screening Tool for ASD in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT) [54], the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) and the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) [55] provide an important snapshot of clinical features.”
MethodA Danish population-based twin study on autism spectrum disorders
Nordenbæk, C. M., Jørgensen, M., Kyvik, K. O., & Bilenberg, N. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0419-5 · Cited by 65
Barrett, S., Uljarević, M., Jones, C. R. G., & Leekam, S. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0242-4 · Cited by 72
Self-citationO’Nions, E., Christie, P., Gould, J., Viding, E. M., & Happe, F. G. E. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12149 · Cited by 56
“Candidate items were generated based on criteria described by Newson et al. (2003), unpublished material by Newson, plus the PDA items incorporated into the DISCO (Wing et al., 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationHagberg, B. S., Miniscalco, C., & Gillberg, C. (2009) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.012 · Cited by 56
Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis
Moseley, R. L., Hitchiner, R., & Kirkby, J. A. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0216-6 · Cited by 66
“Future targets for research may be precisely those women referred for diagnosis whom fail to reach cut off on the androcentric instruments of diagnosis but who fulfil criteria for a developmental social and communication disorder on more dimensional scales, such as the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication…”
BackgroundThe longitudinal heterogeneity of autistic traits: A systematic review
Pender, R., Fearon, P., Heron, J., & Mandy, W. (2020) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101671 · Cited by 55
Diagnosis and definition of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders
Lord, C., & Volkmar, F. R. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544446.002 · Cited by 56
Nieto, C., López, B., & Gandía-Abellán, H. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12435 · Cited by 56
“1999), the DISCO interview (Leekam et al. 2007; Wing et al. 2002), the sensory experiences questionnaire (SEQ; Baranek et al.”
BackgroundMethodAttention Deficits in Children With Combined Autism and ADHD: A CPT Study
Lundervold, A. J., Stickert, M., Hysing, M., Sørensen, L., Gillberg, C., & Posserud, M.-B. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712453168 · Cited by 55
“The DISCO involves a diagnostic algorithm according to the diagnostic criteria of the ICD10 and DSM-IV.”
MethodInfluentialWaizbard‐Bartov, E., & Miller, M. R. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102230 · Cited by 56
Murphy, D. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940903426885 · Cited by 54
“The diagnosis of an ASD was made by completing the Diagnostic Instrument for Social and Communication Disorders (Wing, Leekham, Libby, Gould, & Larcombe, 2002 ) with his parents, the Autistic Spectrum Diagnostic Interview (Gillberg, Gillberg, Rastrum, & Wentz, 2001 ) and the Adult Asperger's Assessment (Baron-Cohen, W…”
MethodPsychological Approaches to Chronic Catatonia-like Deterioration in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Shah, A., & Wing, L. (2006) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72015-8 · Cited by 53
“covers areas of development as well as behavior found in ASDs ( Wing et al., 2002 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDanielsson, S., Viggedal, G., Steffenburg, S., Rydenhag, B., Gillberg, C., & Olssøn, I. (2008) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.10.023 · Cited by 53
“The assessment of children with PDD also included further multidisciplinary workup using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) [25] and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic (ADOS-G) [26].”
MethodGender Differences in Core Symptomatology in Autism Spectrum Disorders across the Lifespan
Taylor, T., & Matson, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9235-3 · Cited by 59
Autism in community pre-schoolers: Developmental profiles
Kantzer, A., Fernell, E., Gillberg, C., & Miniscalco, C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.016 · Cited by 52
Dietary Patterns and Anthropometric Measures of Indian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Siddiqi, S., Urooj, A., & D’Souza, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3850-0 · Cited by 52
Screening for autism spectrum disorders
Williams, J. G., & Brayne, C. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306057876 · Cited by 55
Autism spectrum disorder and amplified pain
Clarke, C. (2015) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2015/930874 · Cited by 47
“She did not complain of pain during the neurodevelopmental assessment, though her mother afterwards reported that this was how she frequently experienced return to school.”
BackgroundMorita, T., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Munesue, T., Itakura, S., Omori, M., Okazawa, H., Wada, Y., & Sadato, N. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.598945 · Cited by 52
“) diagnosed the participants based on the classifications described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ) and on standardized criteria taken from the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) (Wing, Leekam, Libby, Go…”
MethodAutism identification across ethnic groups: a narrative review
Tromans, S. J., Chester, V., Gemegah, E., Roberts, K., Morgan, Z., Yao, G., & Brugha, T. S. (2020) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-03-2020-0017 · Cited by 49
Uno, Y., Uchiyama, T., Kurosawa, M., Aleksić, B., & Ozaki, N. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.093 · Cited by 51
Soenen, S., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I., & SCHOLTE, E. M. (2008) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.04.003 · Cited by 51
Murphy, D. (2003) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/1478994031000152736 · Cited by 51
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2014) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2014.972452 · Cited by 51
“For the majority of participants (45 out of 51), an assessment with the DISCO-11 (26) with a parent was performed within the present study.”
InfluentialRutherford, M., McKenzie, K., Forsyth, K., McCartney, D. L., O'Hare, A. E., McClure, I., & Irvine, L. A. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.06.004 · Cited by 50
Autistic disorder symptoms in Rett syndrome
Wulffaert, J., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. A., & SCHOLTE, E. M. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309338184 · Cited by 49
“For research purposes, different algorithms exist (Wing et al., 2002).”
Autism before diagnosis: crying, feeding and sleeping problems in the first two years of life
Olsson, M. B., Carlsson, L. H., Westerlund, J., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12229 · Cited by 52
“for Social and Communication Disorders) (19) that had been performed at the two-year follow-up was available for 105 of the children with ASD.”
MethodA review of defining and measuring sociability in children with intellectual disabilities
Cook, F., & Oliver, C. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.021 · Cited by 49
Altered brain connectivity in 3-to 7-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder
Kikuchi, M., Shitamichi, K., Yoshimura, Y., Ueno, S., Hiraishi, H., Hirosawa, T., Munesue, T., Nakatani, H., Tsubokawa, T., Haruta, Y., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.003 · Cited by 50
“All the ASD children included in this study fulfilled the diagnosis of childhood autism (n = 25), atypical autism (n = 4) or Asperger’s syndrome (n = 6) with DISCO.”
MethodInfluentialPathological demand avoidance: Exploring the behavioural profile
O’Nions, E., Viding, E. M., Greven, C. U., Ronald, A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313481861 · Cited by 56
“The depth of interest is demonstrated by a number of over-subscribed conferences on PDA organized by the UK-based National Autistic Society (NAS) in 2011 and inclusion of items measuring PDA traits in the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al., 2002).”
BackgroundAutistic empathy toward autistic others
Komeda, H., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Mano, Y., Jung, M., Fujii, T., Yanaka, H. T., Munesue, T., Ishitobi, M., Sato, M., et al. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu126 · Cited by 51
“) diagnosed participants based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and on the standardized criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (Wing et al., 2002), which reportedly possesses good psychometric propertie…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wing, Lorna
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-325
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2118415569
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Kent
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- disco, autism spectrum disorder, inter-rater reliability, diagnostic interview, learning disabilities, language disorders, parent interviews, developmental assessment, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Autistic Disorder, Child, Communication Disorders, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior Disorders, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation
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