The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 52 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Archaeology in 2022: Counter‐myths for hopeful futures
Open accessAbstract
Archaeology in 2022 features more calls than ever for a socially and politically engaged, progressive discipline. Archaeologists increasingly respect and integrate decolonizing and Indigenous knowledge in theory and practice. They acknowledge and embrace the fluidity and diversity of sexes and genders, past and present. They document patterns of migration, ancient as well as contemporary, to combat retrograde and racist narratives that remain pervasive in the public sphere. At the same time, the field has a deep-seated conservative bastion toward which many scholars retreat, arguing for an “objective” past that is free of political implications or interpretive ambiguity. As anarchist archaeologists, we see the myth of the objective past as one of many interconnected myths that have provided the basis for an archaeology that reifies and proliferates the current social order. We deconstruct myths relating to capitalist and colonialist ideologies of “human nature,” the assumed inevitability of the current order, and fatalistic commitment to dystopian or utopian futures. As alternatives, we present counter-myths that emphasize the contingent and political nature of archaeological praxis, the creative and collaborative foundation of communities, the alternative orders that archaeology uncovers, and the role of a hopeful past for constructing the possibilities of different futures.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This year-in-review essay by the Black Trowel Collective argues that archaeology in 2022 must reject four myths—objectivity, selfish human nature, inevitable current order, and inevitable better/worse futures—and replace them with politically engaged counter-myths. It calls for anarchist, decolonial, and solidarity-based archaeological praxis oriented toward hopeful futures.
Key findings
- The paper identifies four interconnected myths: archaeology is neutral/objective; humans are selfish, competitive, and power-hungry; the current order was and is inevitable; and things will inevitably be better or worse in the future. It counters these with four counter-myths: archaeology can and should be politically conscious moral praxis; humans and nonhumans are cooperative, collaborative, and creative; many orders work against entrenched inequality, capitalism, and the state; and all anyone has is the present, where radical action is possible.
- It cites contemporary figures to argue that suffering is structurally produced: over 103 million people globally are displaced from their homes; between 2008 and 2023, UK food bank reliance rose from just under 26,000 to three million, while the US figure stands at 53 million. It also notes that the American Anthropological Association featured its first Indigenous program chair in its 120-year history in 2022.
- It argues the archaeological record shows cooperation, care, and mutual aid: dog domestication is placed around 40,000 to 15,000 years ago in Eurasia, with recent research emphasizing social companionship rather than purely functional domestication; Kanne’s work on the Hungarian Bronze Age (circa 2300–1500 BC) is used to argue horses shaped political authority and resistance to centralized control and inequality.
- It claims the vast majority of human experience—at least 90% of the existence of our species and across most of the world—existed outside coercive state structures, and that apparent “collapses” often meant the end of forced corvée labor, standing armies, or ruling-class ideologies rather than universal disaster.
Methods
- This is a critical year-in-review essay, not an empirical study. The authors describe themselves as anarchist archaeologists and ask how myths and grand narratives define disciplinary values, where those epistemologies come from, and how moving away from totalizing ideologies can contribute to socially just futures.
- The paper deconstructs four archaeological myths and proposes four counter-myths, drawing on cited archaeological, anthropological, historical, and activist literature and examples. No new data collection, sampling, or formal quantitative analysis is reported.
- It concludes with a call for activist practice, unionization, mutual aid, solidarity, and more horizontal forms of human and nonhuman flourishing.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors recognize that alternative grand narratives risk producing new forms of narrative or epistemic harm; they accept gaps, overlaps, conflictual meanings, and things unknowable about the past, and encourage smaller-scale studies. They also note that scholarly conventions still constrain them until global theory production is less centralized.
- Evident: as a normative year-in-review and manifesto, the paper does not report systematic search or selection criteria, coding, or empirical tests; its claims are supported by illustrative citations and examples rather than a formal review protocol.
- Evident: the paper has no explicit limitations section, and some quantitative figures are cited from external sources without methodological detail in the article itself.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 of 52 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The capitalist world is equally propped up by future-making practices no less imaginary than those of anticapitalist or antiracist activists.
“Yet, the capitalist world is equally propped up by future-making practices no less imaginary (or perhaps better: idealistic) than those of anticapitalist or antiracist activists (e.g., Frieman, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Frieman, 2022 source
The indexed passage labeled Abstract describes the crypto-sphere as a possible “fascist capitalist utopia” and NFT communities as a form of “utopian capitalism.” That supports the example of idealistic capitalist practices, but the paper does not establish that the capitalist world broadly is propped up by such practices or compare them with anticapitalist or antiracist activism. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Myths and grand narratives contribute to lived forms of violent erasure that reinforce and naturalize systems of oppression.
“They contribute to lived forms of violent erasure that exist to reinforce and naturalize systems of oppression (Hartemann, 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hartemann, 2022 source
- Premisecitation
There are many examples of past and present societies and communities in which care and nurture, not capital, were and remain central values.
“There are many examples of societies and communities (past and present) in which care and nurture-not capital-were, and remain, central values (e.g., Thompson, 2022).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thompson, 2022 source
- Premisecitation
In our own professions, lab technicians and museum staff are striking because their wages are so low they can barely afford to live.
“In our own professions, lab technicians and museum staff are striking because their wages are so low they can barely afford to live (Adams, 2022;Velie, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Adams, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Velie, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Kanne (2022) draws on Hungarian Bronze Age material to argue that horses directly impacted human modes of social and political organization.
“Similarly, Kanne (2022) draws on material from the Hungarian Bronze Age (circa 2300-1500 BC) to make a powerful case that horses directly impacted human modes of social and political organization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kanne, 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
The future is persistently imagined as a dystopian time of environmental degradation, nuclear disaster, and total collapse.
“The future from this perspective is persistently imagined as a dystopian time of environmental degradation, nuclear disaster, and total collapse (Harms, 2022;Tsing, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The myth of inevitable progress underwrites the orthodox assumption that the line of progress from origins of agriculture to modern empires, capitalism, and European colonial dominance was inevitable.
“This myth continues to underwrite one of the most orthodox assumptions within archaeology: the line of progress that we draw through the origins of agriculture, to the rise of civilizations, to the eventual (and by implication, inevitable and unavoidable) development of modern empires, capitalism, and European colonial dominance (Quave et al., 2021;Tsing, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Quave et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Tsing, 2015 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Archaeology can demonstrate that some narratives inherited over the past 500 years are inventions or interpretations.
“Archaeology can demonstrate, at the very least, that some of the narratives we have inherited over the past 500 years are inventions, or interpretations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Nothing that exists from the human past came about as a result of isolated individual genius or initiative; it emerged from constellations of flexible, creative, and collaborating people.
“Nothing that exists from the human past came about as a result of isolated individual genius or initiative but rather emerged from constellations of flexible, creative, and collaborating people (e.g., Holland-Lulewicz, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Holland-Lulewicz, 2021 source
- Premisecitation
In reality, there is plenty of money and resources to go around at a global scale.
“In reality, there is plenty of money and resources to go around at a global scale (O'Neill et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Neill et al., 2018 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Alternative grand narratives risk producing new forms of narrative or epistemic harm.
“On the other, we recognize that even alternative grand narratives, while tempting, risk producing new forms of narrative or epistemic harm (Pantazatos, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pantazatos, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
Scholars and practitioners in wealthy nations and at elite institutions continue to rely on myths of resource lack to exclude people from less privileged backgrounds, diverse genders, or Global South and Indigenous colleagues.
“Scholars and practitioners in wealthy nations and at elite institutions continue to rely on myths of resource lack to exclude people from lessprivileged backgrounds, of diverse genders, or Global South and Indigenous colleagues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The myth of inevitable progressive order and economic growth justifies oppressive actions.
“The twin myths of inevitable progressive order and economic growth as something always necessary and desirable (cf.Kallis, 2018) justify oppressive actions with the aid of history as told from the perspective of the ever-shrinking minority who profit from the status quo.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kallis, 2018 source
- Premisecitation
Uncritical archaeologists project contemporary modes of relation and patterns of inequality into the past, normalizing and naturalizing capitalist structures of power, innovation, and dominance.
“All too often, uncritical archaeologists then project these contemporary modes of relation and patterns of inequality into the past, normalizing and naturalizing capitalist structures of power, innovation, and dominance (as critiqued in Frieman, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Frieman, 2021 source
- Premisecitation
The archaeological record is fundamentally a record of cooperative human and nonhuman endeavors.
“The archaeological record is fundamentally a record of cooperative human, and indeed nonhuman, endeavors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Holland-Lulewicz, 2021 source
- Premisecitation
The apparent veracity of capitalist and colonialist interpretations of the past and present is dependent on the continued disempowerment and denigration of those being trampled by colonial and capitalist presents.
“The apparent veracity of capitalist and colonialist interpretations of the past and present is dependent on the continued disempowerment and denigration of those being trampled by colonial and capitalist presents (e.g., Borck, 2018a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Borck, 2018a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Modern complexity narratives are rooted in and justify neoliberal ideologies advocating for an interventionist state focused on protecting economic growth at all costs.
“These modern complexity narratives are both rooted in and justify neoliberal ideologies advocating for an interventionist state that was not interested in the common good of its citizens but rather focused on protecting economic growth at all costs (Blackmore, 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blackmore, 2016 source
- Premisecitation
If there is any unifying feature of humanity or hominins more broadly, it is creativity.
“If there is any unifying feature of humanity (or indeed of hominins more broadly), it is our creativity (Frieman, 2021, 166-83;Morgan, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
For many, or perhaps most, people, what archaeologists interpret as collapse in the past represented the end of forced corvée labor, dissolution of standing armies, or rejection of a ruling class and associated ideologies.
“For many, or perhaps most, people, what archaeologists interpret as collapse in the past represented the end of forced corvée labor, dissolution of standing armies, or rejection of a ruling class and associated ideologies (e.g., Borck and Clark, 2023, 201-5, 213).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Borck and Clark, 2023, 201-5, 213
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Current research emphasizes the social nature of dog domestication, with animals valued for companionship and personal connection as much as any functional contribution to the campsite.
“Current research, in contrast, emphasizes the social nature of dog domestication, with animals valued for their companionship and personal connection as much as any functional contribution to the campsite (see, for example, the dingo in Australian Aboriginal communities: Brumm and Koungoulos, 2022;Koungoulos, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisereasoning
When archaeologists document hierarchies emerging, these are too often assumed to have been natural and desirable processes.
“Thus, when archaeologists document hierarchies emerging, these are too often assumed to have been natural and desirable processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In the past, power and authority existed, but its form was radically different from the arbitrary and violent nature of the power relations inherent to the state.
“This does not mean there was no power or authority in the past, but that the form this power took was radically different from the arbitrary and violent nature of the power relations inherent to the state (Borck and Clark, 2021, 253;Borck and Clark, 2023, 205).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Borck and Clark, 2021, 253 source
- cites Borck and Clark, 2023, 205
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Horses provided humans with increased mobility and access that translated into new human-horse experiences, shaping the negotiation of political authority.
“Horses provided humans with increased mobility and access that translated into new human-horse experiences, shaping the negotiation of political authority.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kanne, 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Premisecitation
Anthropological myths, including those constructed out of the archaeological past, have contributed to willful misunderstanding, simplistic representations, and erasure of the lifeways of BIPoC, people with disabilities, LGBTQIA+ individuals and communities, migrants, women, and children.
“Anthropological myths, including those constructed out of the archaeological past, have contributed to willful misunderstanding, simplistic representations, and in many cases erasure of the lifeways of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPoC), people with disabilities, LGBTQIA+ individuals and communities, migrants, women, and children (cf.Bruchac, 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bruchac, 2018 source
- Premisecitation
Black and Indigenous storytelling modalities that are spiraling, counterfactual, ironic, reversed, or otherwise unorthodox are dismissed as speculative, impractical, and inimical to disciplinary progress.
“Black and Indigenous storytelling modalities that are spiraling, counterfactual, ironic, reversed, or otherwise unorthodox (see Whyte, 2018) are dismissed as speculative, impractical, and inimical to disciplinary progress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Whyte, 2018 source
- Premisecitation
The deeper framing of progressivist ordering of world history remains steadfast even as most archaeologists nominally distance themselves from it.
“Even as most archaeologists have nominally distanced themselves from the progressivist ordering of world history, the deeper framing remains steadfast (Frieman, 2023).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Frieman, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
For enfranchised and privileged white archaeologists, Whyte observes that this is the world that white ancestors imagined and deeply desired for their descendants.
“For enfranchised and privileged white archaeologists, Whyte (following Davis and Todd, 2017) makes the more discomfiting observation that this is the world that white ancestors imagined and deeply desired for their descendants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Whyte
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Davis and Todd, 2017 source
- Premisecitation
During the COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds of mutual aid groups emerged, weaving a network of community resilience that supported many vulnerable families.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds of mutual aid groups emerged, weaving a network of community resilience that supported many vulnerable families (Fernández et al., 2022;Navarro Rupérez, 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fernández et al., 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Navarro Rupérez, 2021 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenArchaeology in 2022 features more calls than ever for a socially and politically engaged, progressive discipline.
“Archaeology in 2022 features more calls than ever for a socially and politically engaged, progressive discipline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenArchaeologists increasingly respect and integrate decolonizing and Indigenous knowledge in theory and practice.
“Archaeologists increasingly respect and integrate decolonizing and Indigenous knowledge in theory and practice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationWe cannot visit the past, so all archaeology is a process of interpreting evidence for social practices, not evidence of them.
“We cannot visit the past, even the contemporary past, so all archaeology is a process of interpreting evidence for social practices, not evidence of them (cf.Barrett, 1988, 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barrett, 1988 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationKrenak observes that complaining about the world we have is pointless if we do not think about what we are building for generations to follow.
“As Krenak (2020, 66) observes, complaining about the world we have is pointless if we don't think about what we're building for generations to follow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Krenak, 2020, 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
PremisereasoningCapitalist states appear to be uniquely placed as enablers of greedy and violent behavior in the present.
“Capitalist states appear to be uniquely placed as enablers of greedy and violent behavior in the present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAnarchist archaeologies imagine hopeful rather than dystopian futures, but dystopian futures are still possible.
“Anarchist archaeologies imagine hopeful rather than dystopian futures, but the latter are still possible (Flexner, 2021).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Flexner, 2021 source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningMaking the future and choosing what histories to anchor it in are active processes.
“It is tempting to assume that the arc of history bends one way or another, but making the future and choosing what histories in which to anchor it are active processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSome Indigenous and Black communities argue that the world already ended for their ancestors five centuries ago, with the arrival of settler colonialism, enslavement, and capitalism to their homelands.
“Indeed, some Indigenous and Black communities argue that the world already ended for their ancestors five centuries ago, with the arrival of settler colonialism, enslavement, and capitalism to their homelands (Krenak, 2020, 69;Whyte, 2018, 227).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Krenak, 2020, 69
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Whyte, 2018, 227 source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
PremisecitationMore orthodox liberalism does not provide the tools for actual human liberation.
“At the same time, more orthodox liberalism does not provide the tools for actual human liberation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationCurators continue to debate whether so-called universal museums are spaces of wonder where people can learn to respect cultural diversity or hangovers of imperialist conquest, violent massacre of Indigenous peoples, and subsequent looting and destruction of cultural heritage.
“Curators continue to wrangle over whether so-called universal museums represent spaces of wonder where people can learn to respect cultural diversity or straightforward hangovers of imperialist conquest, violent massacre of Indigenous peoples, and subsequent looting and destruction of their cultural heritage (Mackenzie et al., 2020;Savoy, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mackenzie et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Savoy, 2022 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenThere are four interrelated myths common to archaeology: (1) archaeology is a neutral and objective exercise; (2) humans are selfish, competitive, and power-hungry; (3) the current societal order was and is inevitable; and (4) things will inevitably be better (or worse) in the future.
“There are four interrelated myths common to archaeology: (1) archaeology is a neutral and objective exercise; (2) humans are selfish, competitive, and power-hungry; (3) the current societal order was and is inevitable; and (4) things will inevitably be better (or worse) in the future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationKanne argues that horses were crucial to resistance to centralized control and social inequality.
“She argues that horses were crucial to resistance to centralized control and social inequality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kanne, 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe myth of the objective past is one of many interconnected myths that provide the basis for an archaeology that reifies and proliferates the current social order.
“As anarchist archaeologists, we see the myth of the objective past as one of many interconnected myths that have provided the basis for an archaeology that reifies and proliferates the current social order.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAmong some Ndee communities, cultural heritage resources were and are partly managed through avoidance; villages were cleaned up when leaving, camouflaging settlements to prevent detection by US settlers and their military.
“Among some Ndee communities, cultural heritage resources were and are partly managed through avoidance; villages were cleaned up when leaving, camouflaging settlements to prevent detection by impinging US settlers and their genocidal military (and, later, their archaeologists' surveys;Laluk, 2022, 75).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Laluk, 2022, 75 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThere are gaps, overlaps, conflictual meanings, and things unknowable regarding the past.
“To avoid falling into the trap of creating our own grand narrative, we contend and accept that there are gaps, overlaps, conflictual meanings, and things unknowable regarding the past (Gero, 2007;Sørensen, 2016) and encourage the development of collective wisdom through smaller-scale studies related to counter-myths.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gero, 2007 source
- cites Sørensen, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationColonial temporality denies Indigenous concepts of time that interpenetrate in complex ways and are frequently intergenerational, so the past and the future are intimately connected through people, landscape, and things.
“This colonial temporality denies Indigenous concepts of time that interpenetrate in complex ways and are frequently intergenerational, so the past and the future are intimately connected through people, landscape, and things (Barwick, 2023;Bracknell, 2023;Hernández-Castillo, 2022;Porsanger and Virtanen, 2019, 292-93).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Barwick, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bracknell, 2023
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hernández-Castillo, 2022 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenCapitalism traps us, forcing us to think constantly about the next cycle of paychecks and bills rather than enjoying the present.
“Capitalism traps us, forcing us to think constantly about the next cycle of paychecks and bills rather than enjoying today, sleeping when we are tired, eating when we are hungry, spending time with family and friends.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIt is a myth that humans are selfish, competitive, and power-hungry by nature; rather, modes of relations cause and incentivize such behaviors.
“We argue that it is a myth that humans are selfish, competitive, and power-hungry by nature; rather, modes of relations cause and incentivize such behaviors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationcitationEmbracing the politics of our discipline opens up new narrative opportunities and scope to reinterpret fundamental assumptions about method and theory.
“Embracing the politics of our discipline opens up new narrative opportunities that connect ancient and more recent pasts to the present and future and gives us scope to reinterpret some fundamental assumptions about method and theory (Cobb, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cobb, 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationCapitalism is wasteful; it uses up what it wants and leaves entire regions and populations to ruin.
“Capitalism is wasteful.It uses up what it wants and leaves entire regions and populations to ruin (González-Ruibal, 2018;Khatchadourian, 2022;Soto, 2022).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe inherently political nature of archaeology has been common disciplinary knowledge since at least the 1980s.
“Some might ask why, in 2023, we still need to make this point, since the inherently political nature of archaeology has been common disciplinary knowledge since at least the 1980s (e.g., Shanks and Tilley, 1987).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shanks and Tilley, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenToo many archaeologists benefit from systems of oppression.
“And frankly, too many archaeologists (whether white, and/or male, and/or straight, and/or able-bodied) benefit from these systems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenThe field of archaeology has concerned itself with ordering the world, its history, and its sense of timekeeping since its founding.
“Since the founding of archaeology as a discipline, the field has concerned itself with ordering the world, its history, and its sense of timekeeping.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
InterpretationreasoningSpecific disciplinary concerns for archaeology both reflect and contribute to broader struggles of global import.
“In short, specific disciplinary concerns for archaeology (about professional precarity, our field's climate footprint, or ongoing problems with gendered and racialized violence, among many others) both reflect and contribute to broader struggles of global import.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The vast majority of human experiences for at least 90% of the existence of our species and across most of the world existed outside of the coercive control of state structures.
“Archaeologists of all people should understand that the vast majority of human experiences for at least 90% of the existence of our species and across most of the world existed outside of the coercive control of state structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Museums in imperial centers in the Global North enforce a hegemonic control over the past through the violent theft of cultural heritage.
“Museums in imperial centers in the Global North enforce a hegemonic control over the past through the violent theft of cultural heritage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This then further marginalizes and discredits subaltern colonized people and otherwise marginalized or minoritized communities.
“This then further marginalizes and discredits subaltern colonized people and otherwise marginalized or minoritized communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The future capitalism forces us to reckon with is a shallow one.
“Ironically, the future capitalism forces us to reckon with is a shallow one.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has never been a better opportunity to enact real change than now.
“There has never been a better opportunity to enact real change than now.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is immense potential for solidarity-building within these forgotten places between the communities with whom these investigators work.
“There is immense potential for solidarity-building within these forgotten places between the communities with whom these investigators work.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Capitalism and colonialism have directly caused increasing war and destruction during the last 500 years.
“But capitalism and colonialism have directly caused increasing war and destruction during the last 500 years.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Humanity is trapped in a neoliberal capitalist system that decides what is valued and what is not, who is valued and who is not.
“Humanity is trapped in a neoliberal capitalist system that decides what is valued and what is not, who is valued and who is not.”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Collective, B. T., Berihuete‐Azorín, M., Blackmore, C., Borck, L., Flexner, J. L., Frieman, C. J., Herrmann, C. A., & Kiddey, R.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Department of Prehistory Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Albion (United States) (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Flexner, James L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Anthropologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-11-10
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-148
- ISSN
- 0002-7294 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-1433
- OpenAlex
- W4388562923
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Anthropologist (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- University of Sydney
- NextGenerationEU
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Philosophy, History, and Historiography
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture
- Keywords
- archaeology and politics, decolonizing archaeology, indigenous knowledge, counter-myth, capitalist ideology, human nature, migration, gender diversity, social order, collaborative archaeology, community archaeology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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