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Cited by 32Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersRNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

Ribosome accumulation during early phase resistance training in humans

Open access
Hammarström, Daniel, Øfsteng, Sjur J., Jacobsen, Nicolai B., Flobergseter, Krister B., Rønnestad, Bent R., Ellefsen, Stian·2022·Acta Physiologica
DOI 10.1111/apha.13806PMC PMC9540306
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Abstract

AIM: To describe ribosome biogenesis during resistance training, its relation to training volume and muscle growth. METHODS: A training group (n = 11) performed 12 sessions (3-4 sessions per week) of unilateral knee extension with constant and variable volume (6 and 3-9 sets per session respectively) allocated to either leg. Ribosome abundance and biogenesis markers were assessed from vastus lateralis biopsies obtained at baseline, 48 hours after sessions 1, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 12, and after eight days of de-training, and from a control group (n = 8). Muscle thickness was measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Training led to muscle growth (3.9% over baseline values, 95% CrI: [0.2, 7.5] vs. control) with concomitant increases in total RNA, ribosomal RNA, upstream binding factor (UBF) and ribosomal protein S6 with no differences between volume conditions. Total RNA increased rapidly in response to the first four sessions (8.6% [5.6, 11.7] per session), followed by a plateau and peak values after session 8 (49.5% [34.5, 66.5] above baseline). Total RNA abundance was associated with UBF protein levels (5.0% [0.2, 10.2] per unit UBF), and the rate of increase in total RNA levels predicted hypertrophy (0.3 mm [0.1, 0.4] per %-point increase in total RNA per session). After de-training, total RNA decreased (-19.3% [-29.0, -8.1]) without muscle mass changes indicating halted biosynthesis of ribosomes. CONCLUSION: Ribosomes accumulate in the initial phase of resistance training with abundances sensitive to training cessation and associated with UBF protein levels. The average accumulation rate predicts muscle training-induced hypertrophy.

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  • The ribosomal pool is highly plastic and closely linked to the continuity and magnitude of the loading stimulus.

    “indicating that the ribosomal pool is highly plastic and closely linked to the continuity and magnitude of the loading stimulus [141].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [141]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that ribosomal RNA and total RNA fell after eight days of detraining, supporting sensitivity to the continuity of training. It also says the study found no clear effect of training-volume fluctuations on total RNA or rRNA expression, so the claimed close link to loading magnitude is overstated. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The ribosomal-specific literature reviewed above more directly implicates repeated mechanical loading, recoverable training volume, training continuity, blood-flow restriction under appropriate conditions, and the timing of concurrent endurance exercise as practical modulators of ribosome-related outcomes.

    “the ribosomal-specific literature reviewed above more directly implicates repeated mechanical loading, recoverable training volume, training continuity, blood-flow restriction under appropriate conditions, and the timing of concurrent endurance exercise as practical modulators of ribosome-related outcomes [35,141,155,157]”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [141]

    The Discussion (page not provided) links resistance-training volume and detraining to ribosome-related outcomes, supporting the loading and training-continuity portions. It also says the study found no clear effect of fluctuating volume on total RNA or rRNA expression. The passages do not support the claims about blood-flow restriction or the timing of concurrent endurance exercise. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The 6-12 week time frame captures initial expansion of the ribosomal pool but does not clarify longer-term plateaus in ribosomal accretion, rates of ribosomal decay, or the biological ceiling of translational capacity.

    “Although this time frame captures the initial expansion of the ribosomal pool, it does not clarify longer-term plateaus in ribosomal accretion, rates of ribosomal decay, or the actual biological ceiling of translational capacity that may be reached by elite athletes over years of training [141,216].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [141]

    The Methods describe 12 training sessions over roughly 3–4 weeks, not a 6–12-week study. The Discussion reports an initial rise in ribosomal markers and a plateau after about eight sessions; it also says the contributions of reduced synthesis and degradation during detraining remain unknown. The study does not establish longer-term trajectories or a translational-capacity ceiling in elite athletes. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There may be a window in which skeletal muscle is particularly responsive in terms of ribosome accretion.

    “suggesting that there may be a window in which skeletal muscle is particularly responsive in terms of ribosome accretion [141].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [141]

  • Total RNA accumulation is especially pronounced in the initial phase of training.

    “Hammarström et al. showed that total RNA accumulation was especially pronounced in the initial phase of training”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [141]

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Authors
Hammarström, D., Øfsteng, S. J., Jacobsen, N. B., Flobergseter, K. B., Rønnestad, B. R., & Ellefsen, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Inland Norway (NO)
  • Innlandet Hospital Trust (NO)
Corresponding author
  • Hammarström, Daniel
  • Øfsteng, Sjur J.
ORCID
Venue
Acta Physiologica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-03-07
Volume
235
Issue
1
Pages
e13806-e13806
ISSN
  • 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
  • 1748-1716
DOI
10.1111/apha.13806
PMC
PMC9540306
OpenAlex
W4214686961
Cited by
32
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4
FWCI
3.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords
ribosome biogenesis, resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, training volume, UBF, ribosomal protein S6, total RNA, vastus lateralis, knee extension, muscle growth
MeSH terms
Humans, Hypertrophy, Ribosomes, RNA, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training

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