The role of skeletal muscle mTOR in the regulation of mechanical load‐induced growth

Goodman, Craig A.; Frey, John W.; Mabrey, Danielle M.; Jacobs, Brittany L.; Lincoln, Hannah C.; You, Jae‐Sung; Hornberger, Troy A.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218255

Cited by 297Muscle Physiology and DisordersPI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancerMuscle metabolism and nutrition

The role of skeletal muscle mTOR in the regulation of mechanical load‐induced growth

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Goodman, Craig A., Frey, John W., Mabrey, Danielle M., Jacobs, Brittany L., Lincoln, Hannah C., You, Jae‐Sung, Hornberger, Troy A.·2011·The Journal of Physiology

DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218255PMC PMC3240886

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Abstract

Non‐Technical Summary Chronic mechanical loading (CML) of skeletal muscle induces growth and this effect can be blocked by the drug rapamycin. Rapamycin is considered to be a highly specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and thus, many have concluded that mTOR plays a key role in CML‐induced growth. However, direct evidence that mTOR confers the CML‐induced activation of growth promoting events such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia and ribosome biogenesis is lacking. This study addressed that gap in knowledge by using a specialized line of transgenic mice. Surprisingly, the results indicate that only a few of the growth promoting events induced by CML are fully dependent on mTOR signalling (e.g. hypertrophy). These results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass and should help future studies aimed at identifying targets for therapies that can prevent the loss of muscle mass during conditions such as bedrest, immobilization, and ageing.

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Resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy is completely dependent on mTOR.
“These data showed conclusively that resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy is completely dependent on mTOR.”
From Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training (2014) · cites this paper as [29]
In wild-type animals rapamycin completely blocked muscle hypertrophy, whereas in mice expressing a rapamycin-resistant mutant of mTOR, muscle hypertrophy occurred normally both in the presence and absence of rapamycin.
“As would be expected, in the wild-type animals rapamycin completely blocked muscle hypertrophy. However, in the mice expressing a rapamycin-resistant mutant of mTOR muscle, hypertrophy occurred normally both in the presence and absence of rapamycin [29].”
From Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training (2014) · cites this paper as [29]
Readily digestible, leucine-rich protein consumed after resistance training maximizes mTOR recruitment to the lysosome.
“Resistance exercise should be supported by readily digestible, leucine-rich protein as soon as possible after training to maximize leucine uptake [64], mTOR recruitment to the lysosome [29], and protein synthesis [25].”
From Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training (2014) · cites this paper as [29]

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Background
The role of mTOR signaling in the regulation of protein synthesis and muscle mass during immobilization in mice
You, J., Anderson, G. B., Dooley, M. S., & Hornberger, T. A. (2015) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.019414 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citation
Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review
Jorgenson, K. W., Phillips, S. M., & Hornberger, T. A. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071658 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Activation of mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle following blood flow restriction exercise is inhibited by rapamycin
Gundermann, D. M., Walker, D. K., Reidy, P. T., Borack, M. S., Dickinson, J. M., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Regulation of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Figueiredo, V. C., & McCarthy, J. J. (2019) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00034.2018 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
mTOR signaling response to resistance exercise is altered by chronic resistance training and detraining in skeletal muscle
Ogasawara, R., Kobayashi, K., Tsutaki, A., Lee, K., Abe, T., Fujita, S., Nakazato, K., & Ishii, N. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01161.2012 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Smad3 Induces Atrogin-1, Inhibits mTOR and Protein Synthesis, and Promotes Muscle Atrophy In Vivo
Goodman, C. A., McNally, R. M., Hoffmann, F. M., & Hornberger, T. A. (2013) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2013-1194 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ribosome biogenesis adaptation in resistance training-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Figueiredo, V. C., Caldow, M. K., Massie, V., Markworth, J. F., Cameron-Smith, D., & Blazevich, A. J. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2015 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Role of mTORC1 in Regulating Protein Synthesis and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Response to Various Mechanical Stimuli
Goodman, C. A. (2013) · Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology · doi:10.1007/112_2013_17 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citation
Skeletal muscle and resistance exercise training; the role of protein synthesis in recovery and remodeling
McGlory, C., Devries, M. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Role of mTORC1 in mechanically induced increases in translation and skeletal muscle mass
Goodman, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01011.2018 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citation
Skeletal muscle glycoprotein 130's role in Lewis lung carcinoma–induced cachexia
Puppa, M. J., Gao, S., Narsale, A. A., & Carson, J. A. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-240580 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
G protein-coupled receptor 56 regulates mechanical overload-induced muscle hypertrophy
White, J. P., Wrann, C. D., Rao, R. R., Nair, S. K., Jedrychowski, M. P., You, J.-S., Martínez-Redondo, V., Gygi, S. P., Ruas, J. L., Hornberger, T. A., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1417898111 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Yes‐Associated Protein is up‐regulated by mechanical overload and is sufficient to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Goodman, C. A., Dietz, J. M., Jacobs, B. L., McNally, R. M., You, J.-S., & Hornberger, T. A. (2015) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.047 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
Using Molecular Biology to Maximize Concurrent Training
Baar, K. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0252-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“However, in the mice expressing a rapamycin-resistant mutant of mTOR muscle, hypertrophy occurred normally both in the presence and absence of rapamycin [29].”
Background
S6K1 Is Required for Increasing Skeletal Muscle Force during Hypertrophy
Marabita, M., Baraldo, M., Solagna, F., Ceelen, J., Sartori, R., Nolte, H., Nemazanyy, I., Pyronnet, S., Krüger, M., Pende, M., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.020 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Resistance exercise induced mTORC1 signaling is not impaired by subsequent endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle
Apró, W., Wang, L., Pontén, M., Blomstrand, E., & Sahlin, K. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2013 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Blood Flow Restriction: The New Testament
Jessee, M. B., Mattocks, K. T., Buckner, S. L., Dankel, S. J., Mouser, J. G., Abe, T., & Loenneke, J. P. (2018) · Techniques in Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/bto.0000000000000252 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The Molecular Basis for Load-Induced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
Marcotte, G. R., West, D. W. D., & Baar, K. (2014) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-014-9925-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
mTOR and the health benefits of exercise.
Watson, K., & Baar, K. (2014) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Benefits of higher resistance-training volume are related to ribosome biogenesis
Hammarström, D., Øfsteng, S., Koll, L., Hanestadhaugen, M., Hollan, I., Apró, W., Whist, J. E., Blomstrand, E., Rønnestad, B. R., & Ellefsen, S. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278455 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling and Endocrine Response Following Resistance Exercise: Implications for Muscle Hypertrophy
Gonzalez, A. M., Hoffman, J. R., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., & Willoughby, D. S. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0450-4 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Eccentric contractions increase the phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex‐2 (TSC2) and alter the targeting of TSC2 and the mechanistic target of rapamycin to the lysosome
Jacobs, B. L., You, J., Frey, J. W., Goodman, C. A., Gundermann, D. M., & Hornberger, T. A. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256339 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Muscle hypertrophy is associated with increases in proteasome activity that is independent of MuRF1 and MAFbx expression
Baehr, L. M., Tunzi, M. A., & Bodine, S. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00069 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Blunted hypertrophic response in aged skeletal muscle is associated with decreased ribosome biogenesis
Kirby, T. J., Lee, J. D., England, J. H., Chaillou, T., Esser, K. A., & McCarthy, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00296.2015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mechanical Stimulation Induces mTOR Signaling via an ERK-Independent Mechanism: Implications for a Direct Activation of mTOR by Phosphatidic Acid
You, J. S., Frey, J. W., & Hornberger, T. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047258 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Myonuclear transcription is responsive to mechanical load and DNA content but uncoupled from cell size during hypertrophy
Kirby, T. J., Patel, R. M., McClintock, T. S., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., Peterson, C. A., & McCarthy, J. J. (2016) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0585 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Protein Ingestion Induces Muscle Insulin Resistance Independent of Leucine-Mediated mTOR Activation
Smith, G. I., Yoshino, J., Stromsdorfer, K. L., Klein, S. J., Magkos, F., Reeds, D. N., Klein, S., & Mittendorfer, B. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1279 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mechanical loading stimulates hypertrophy in tissue‐engineered skeletal muscle: Molecular and phenotypic responses
Aguilar‐Agon, K. W., Capel, A. J., Martin, N. R. W., Player, D. J., & Lewis, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28923 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The order of concurrent endurance and resistance exercise modifies mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle
Ogasawara, R., Sato, K., Matsutani, K., Nakazato, K., & Fujita, S. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00647.2013 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ribosome biogenesis is necessary for skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Wen, Y., Alimov, A. P., & McCarthy, J. J. (2016) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000082 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Muscle Fiber Type-Dependent Differences in the Regulation of Protein Synthesis
Goodman, C. A., Kotecki, J. A., Jacobs, B. L., & Hornberger, T. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037890 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resistance exercise-induced S6K1 kinase activity is not inhibited in human skeletal muscle despite prior activation of AMPK by high-intensity interval cycling
Apró, W., Moberg, M., Hamilton, D. L., Ekblom, B., van Hall, G., Holmberg, H.-C., & Blomstrand, E. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00486.2014 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
miR‐424‐5p reduces ribosomal RNA and protein synthesis in muscle wasting
Connolly, M., Paul, R., Garros, R. F., Natanek, S. A., Bloch, S. A. A., Lee, J. Y., Lorenzo, J. P., Patel, H. P., Cooper, C. C., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12266 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of L-Leucine-enriched amino-acid mixtures on body composition and physical performance in men and women aged 65–75 years
Ispoglou, T., White, H., Preston, T., McElhone, S., McKenna, J., & Hind, K. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.91 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ursolic acid stimulates mTORC1 signaling after resistance exercise in rat skeletal muscle
Ogasawara, R., Sato, K., Higashida, K., Nakazato, K., & Fujita, S. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2013 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
mTOR signaling regulates myotube hypertrophy by modulating protein synthesis, rDNA transcription, and chromatin remodeling
von Walden, F., Liu, C., Aurigemma, N., & Nader, G. A. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2016 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Enhanced skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis, yet attenuated mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling, following short-term concurrent versus single-mode resistance training
Fyfe, J. J., Bishop, D. J., Bartlett, J. D., Hanson, E. D., Anderson, M. J., Garnham, A. P., & Stepto, N. K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18887-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Exercise and the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
McGlory, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Rapamycin does not prevent increases in myofibrillar or mitochondrial protein synthesis following endurance exercise
Philp, A., Schenk, S., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Hamilton, D. L., Breen, L., Laverone, E., Jeromson, S., Phillips, S. M., & Baar, K. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271219 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A novel voluntary weightlifting model in mice promotes muscle adaptation and insulin sensitivity with simultaneous enhancement of autophagy and mTOR pathway
Cui, D., Drake, J. C., Wilson, R. J., Shute, R. J., Lewellen, B. M., Zhang, M., Zhao, H., Sabik, O. L., Önengüt, S., Berr, S. S., et al. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201903055r · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging
Dillon, E. L. (2012) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-012-1438-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Rapamycin‐insensitive mechanistic target of rapamycin regulates basal and resistance exercise‐induced muscle protein synthesis
Ogasawara, R., & Suginohara, T. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201701422r · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Muscle-specific GSK-3β ablation accelerates regeneration of disuse-atrophied skeletal muscle
Pansters, N. A. M., Schols, A. M. W. J., Verhees, K. J. P., de Theije, C. C., Snepvangers, F. J. M., KELDERS, M. C. J. M., Ubags, N. D. J., Haegens, A., & LANGEN, R. C. J. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Circadian clock regulation of skeletal muscle growth and repair
Chatterjee, S., & Ma, K. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.9076.1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Diet‐induced obesity alters anabolic signalling in mice at the onset of skeletal muscle regeneration
Brown, L. A., Lee, D. E., Patton, J. F., Perry, R. A., Brown, J. L., Baum, J., Smith‐Blair, N., Greene, N. P., & Washington, T. A. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12537 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Correlation between Ribosome Biogenesis and the Magnitude of Hypertrophy in Overloaded Skeletal Muscle
Nakada, S., Ogasawara, R., Kawada, S., Maekawa, T., & Ishii, N. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147284 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Incidence and severity of myofiber branching with regeneration and aging
Pichavant, C., & Pavlath, G. K. (2014) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/2044-5040-4-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training
Meo, S. D., Iossa, S., & Venditti, P. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-17-0186 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The role of mTORC1 in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass
Bodine, S. C. (2022) · Faculty Reviews · doi:10.12703/r/11-32 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A role for Raptor phosphorylation in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling
Frey, J. W., Jacobs, B. L., Goodman, C. A., & Hornberger, T. A. (2013) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training
Fyfe, J. J., Broatch, J. R., Trewin, A. J., Hanson, E. D., Argus, C. K., GARNHAM, A. P., Halson, S. L., Polman, R. C. J., Bishop, D. J., & Petersen, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2019 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Revisiting the roles of protein synthesis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise
Figueiredo, V. C. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00162.2019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Influence of Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion on Adaptive Responses to Exercise: A Review of the Literature
Broatch, J. R., Petersen, A. C., & Bishop, D. J. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0910-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Resistance Exercise-Induced Hypertrophy: A Potential Role for Rapamycin-Insensitive mTOR
Ogasawara, R., Jensen, T. E., Goodman, C. A., & Hornberger, T. A. (2019) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000189 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through Akt/mTOR signaling pathways
Cai, X., Zhu, C., Xu, Y., Jing, Y., Yuan, Y., Wang, L., Wang, S., Zhu, X., Gao, P., Zhang, Y., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26802 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Retracted
The myonuclear DNA methylome in response to an acute hypertrophic stimulus
von Walden, F., Rea, M., Mobley, C. B., Fondufe‐Mittendorf, Y. N., McCarthy, J. J., Peterson, C. A., & Murach, K. A. (2020) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2020.1755581 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Weight Pulling: A Novel Mouse Model of Human Progressive Resistance Exercise
Zhu, W. G., Hibbert, J. E., Lin, K., Steinert, N. D., Lemens, J. L., Jorgenson, K. W., Newman, S. M., Lamming, D. W., & Hornberger, T. A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10092459 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nutritional and Exercise Interventions in Cancer-Related Cachexia: An Extensive Narrative Review
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Redondo-Flórez, L., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Martínez‐Guardado, I., Navarro-Jiménez, E., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084604 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The mechanical activation of mTOR signaling: an emerging role for late endosome/lysosomal targeting
Jacobs, B. L., Goodman, C. A., & Hornberger, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1007/s10974-013-9367-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mapping of the contraction-induced phosphoproteome identifies TRIM28 as a significant regulator of skeletal muscle size and function
Steinert, N. D., Potts, G. K., Wilson, G. M., Klamen, A. M., Lin, K., Hermanson, J. B., McNally, R. M., Coon, J. J., & Hornberger, T. A. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108796 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
A molecular signature defining exercise adaptation with ageing and in vivo partial reprogramming in skeletal muscle
Jones, R. G., Dimet‐Wiley, A., Haghani, A., da Silva, F. M., Brightwell, C. R., Lim, S., Khadgi, S., Wen, Y., Dungan, C. M., Brooke, R. T., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283836 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A DGKζ-FoxO-ubiquitin proteolytic axis controls fiber size during skeletal muscle remodeling
You, J., Dooley, M. S., Kim, C.-R., Kim, E., Xu, W., Goodman, C. A., & Hornberger, T. A. (2018) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aao6847 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emerging role for regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (REDD1) in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.
Gordon, B. S., Steiner, J., Williamson, D. L., Lang, C. H., & Kimball, S. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00059.2016 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of sarcolipin deletion on skeletal muscle adaptive responses to functional overload and unload
Fajardo, V. A., Rietze, B. A., Chambers, P. J., Bellissimo, C. A., Bombardier, É., Quadrilatero, J., & Tupling, A. R. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00291.2016 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Exercise medicine for cancer cachexia: targeted exercise to counteract mechanisms and treatment side effects
Mavropalias, G., Sim, M., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., Spry, N. A., Kraemer, W. J., Häkkinen, K., & Newton, R. U. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-022-03927-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α is dispensable for chronic overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and metabolic remodeling
Pérez‐Schindler, J., Summermatter, S., Santos, G., Zorzato, F., & Handschin, C. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1312039110 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Massage as a mechanotherapy promotes skeletal muscle protein and ribosomal turnover but does not mitigate muscle atrophy during disuse in adult rats
Lawrence, M. M., Pelt, D. W. V., Confides, A. L., Hunt, E. R., Hettinger, Z. R., Laurin, J. L., Reid, J. J., Peelor, F. F., Butterfield, T. A., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., et al. (2020) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13460 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Leucine does not affect mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 assembly but is required for maximal ribosomal protein s6 kinase 1 activity in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise
Apró, W., Moberg, M., Hamilton, D. L., Ekblom, B., Rooyackers, O., Holmberg, H., & Blomstrand, E. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-273474 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Exercise-specific adaptations in human skeletal muscle: Molecular mechanisms of making muscles fit and mighty
Thomas, A. C. Q., Stead, C. A., Burniston, J. G., & Phillips, S. M. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Proteomic comparison of selective breeding and growth hormone transgenesis in fish: Unique pathways to enhanced growth
Causey, D. R., Kim, J., Stead, D., Martín, S., Devlin, R. H., & Macqueen, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2018.08.013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1569726 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reduced REDD1 expression contributes to activation of mTORC1 following electrically induced muscle contraction
Gordon, B. S., Steiner, J. L., Lang, C. H., Jefferson, L. S., & Kimball, S. R. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00250.2014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of contraction mode and stimulation frequency on electrical stimulation-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Ashida, Y., Himori, K., Tatebayashi, D., Yamada, R., Ogasawara, R., & Yamada, T. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00708.2017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mechanosensitive Molecular Networks Involved in Transducing Resistance Exercise-Signals into Muscle Protein Accretion
Rindom, E., & Vissing, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00547 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
mTOR Signaling Pathway and Protein Synthesis: From Training to Aging and Muscle Autophagy
Ilha, J., Santo, C. C. D. E., & de Freitas, G. R. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise and Healthspan
Guan, Y., & Yan, Z. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11050872 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Whole egg, but not egg white, ingestion induces mTOR colocalization with the lysosome after resistance exercise
Sawan, S. A., van Vliet, S., West, D. W. D., Beals, J. W., Paluska, S. A., Burd, N. A., & Moore, D. R. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00225.2018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity after acute resistance-type exercise is upregulated by rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 inhibition
Kido, K., Sase, K., Yokokawa, T., & Fujita, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65397-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works

The Role of mTOR in Mechanical Load Induced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
Hornberger, T. A., Mabrey, D. M., Frey, J. W., Lincoln, H. C., You, J., Jacobs, B. L., & Goodman, C. A. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1105.1
Self-citation
Mechanical Loading Induces the Radial Growth of Myofibrils and Myofibrillogenesis via an mTORC1-Dependent MechanismPreprint
Flynn, C. G. K., Sayed, R. K. A., Lange, A. N., Zhu, W. G., & Hornberger, T. A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6874771
Self-citation
The role of raptor in the mechanical load‐induced regulation of mTOR signaling, protein synthesis, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy
You, J.-S., Mcnally, R. M., Jacobs, B. L., Privett, R. E., Gundermann, D. M., Lin, K.-H., Steinert, N. D., Goodman, C. A., & Hornberger, T. A. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201801653rr · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citation
mTOR regulates skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms
Ge, Y., Wu, A.-L., Warnes, C., Liu, J., Zhang, C., Kawasome, H., Terada, N., Boppart, M. D., Schoenherr, C. J., & Chen, J. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Function of mTOR complex 1 and 2 in skeletal muscle
Bentzinger, C. F. (2009) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-004780718 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Goodman, C. A., Frey, J. W., Mabrey, D. M., Jacobs, B. L., Lincoln, H. C., You, J., & Hornberger, T. A.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: Goodman, Craig A.
Jacobs, Brittany L.
You, Jae‐Sung
Hornberger, Troy A.
Venue: The Journal of Physiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 589
Issue: 22
Pages: 5485-5501
ISSN: 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
1469-7793
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218255
PMC: PMC3240886
OpenAlex: W2117741579
Cited by: 297
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 6.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 13 d)
Locations: The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-057347, R56AR057347, R03AR053280, AR053280, R01AR057347)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: mTOR signaling, skeletal muscle, muscle hypertrophy, muscle hyperplasia, rapamycin, FOXO1, Akt phosphorylation, muscle growth regulation
MeSH terms: Animals, Hypertrophy, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Mutation, Ribosomes, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Sirolimus, Mice, Ablation Techniques, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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The role of skeletal muscle mTOR in the regulation of mechanical load‐induced growth

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