Regulation of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Open accessAbstract
The ribosome is the enzymatic macromolecular machine responsible for protein synthesis. The rates of protein synthesis are primarily dependent on translational efficiency and capacity. Ribosome biogenesis has emerged as an important regulator of skeletal muscle growth and maintenance by altering the translational capacity of the cell. Here, we provide evidence to support a central role for ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle growth during postnatal development and in response to resistance exercise training. Furthermore, we discuss the cellular signaling pathways regulating ribosome biogenesis, discuss how myonuclear accretion affects translational capacity, and explore future areas of investigation within the field.
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Mature mammalian ribosomes are exceptionally stable, with estimated in vivo half-lives spanning several days to over a week, so total RNA accumulation lags behind immediate Pol I activation.
“As mature mammalian ribosomes are exceptionally stable, with estimated in vivo half-lives spanning several days to over a week [25,64], total RNA accumulation lags significantly behind the immediate activation of RNA polymerase I [34].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction reports that a single resistance-exercise bout increases 47S pre-rRNA without significantly increasing mature rRNA, while repeated bouts eventually increase mature rRNA and total RNA. It also says early changes suggest Pol I factors are primed for transcription, not that Pol I is immediately activated. The ribosome half-life estimate is attached to other citations in the citing sentence, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing activation, proliferation, and fusion, Pax7+ satellite cells donate new myonuclei to the syncytium, expanding the transcriptional and nucleolar infrastructure available to support continued adaptation.
“Following activation, proliferation, and fusion, Pax7+ satellite cells donate new myonuclei to the syncytium, thereby expanding the transcriptional and nucleolar infrastructure available to support continued adaptation [25,66,67].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Ribosomes are relatively stable structures, with half-lives that can extend over several days in skeletal muscle.
“Ribosomes are relatively stable structures, with half-lives that can extend over several days in skeletal muscle”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction’s Ribophagy section discusses ribosome degradation and turnover but gives no measure of ribosome stability or half-life. Searches for skeletal-muscle ribosome half-life and stability found no passage stating that half-lives extend over several days; the reported 48-hour observation concerns pre-rRNA expression after exercise, not ribosome lifespan. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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- Authors
- Figueiredo, V. C., & McCarthy, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, John J.
- Venue
- Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-42
- ISSN
- 0886-1714 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-9213
- 1548-9221
- PMC
- PMC6383632
- OpenAlex
- W2903863947
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) (AG049806-03)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) (AR060701-07)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- ribosome biogenesis, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscle growth, postnatal development, resistance training, translational capacity, myonuclear accretion, cellular signaling pathways, protein synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Hypertrophy, Ribosomes, Protein Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Development, Resistance Training
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