The effects of age and resistance loading on skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis
Open accessAbstract
The hypertrophic response to resistance training is generally attenuated with aging; yet the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are largely unknown. Several studies to date have shown blunted translational efficiency following acute resistance exercise in older adults; however, the effects on translational capacity (i.e., ribosome biogenesis) have not yet been examined. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine changes in markers of ribosome biogenesis following an acute bout of resistance loading (RL; 9 sets × 10 repetitions of knee extensions) in younger (Y; n = 14; 39.2 ± 4.1 yr) and older (O; n = 12; 75.7 ± 5.7 yr) adults. Vastus lateralis biopsies were taken pre- and 24 h post-RL, and muscle samples were analyzed for total RNA content, 45S pre-rRNA expression, ribosomal protein content, and levels of signaling proteins that regulate ribosome biogenesis. Before RL, O had higher total RNA content (+28%; P < 0.05), a trend toward higher 45S pre-rRNA expression (+59%; P = 0.08), and greater protein content of several ribosomal components (≈ +50-80%; P < 0.05) than Y. However, 24 h post-RL, only Y increased 45S pre-rRNA expression (+34%; P < 0.01), possibly driven by higher basal p-Rb (Ser780) (+61%; P = 0.10), and a robust transcription initiation factor (TIF)-1a response (+75%; P < 0.05). RL tended to increase protein components of the 40S ribosomal subunit in Y only (≈ +20-25%; P ≤ 0.12). Overall, the data suggest blunted ribosome biogenesis in response to RL in O, which may be a potential mechanism driving the age-related attenuation of resistance training-induced hypertrophy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Older adults subjected to identical resistance training protocols as younger cohorts exhibit significantly blunted accumulation of total RNA and attenuated transcription of the 45S pre-rRNA precursor, thereby severely limiting their hypertrophic potential.
“Older adults subjected to identical resistance training protocols as younger cohorts exhibit significantly blunted accumulation of total RNA and attenuated transcription of the 45S pre-rRNA precursor, thereby severely limiting their hypertrophic potential”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Young participants exhibit the rapid nucleolar spark required to initiate biogenesis, while the older cohort demonstrates a flat transcriptomic response.
“While young participants exhibited the classic rapid nucleolar spark required to initiate biogenesis, the older cohort demonstrated a flat transcriptomic response.”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Following a standardized bout of resistance exercise, older adults fail to upregulate c-Myc and 45S pre-rRNA transcription.
“Stec, Mayhew, and Bamman elegantly demonstrated that following a standardized bout of resistance exercise, older adults fail to upregulate c-Myc and 45S pre-rRNA transcription [47].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Age-related anabolic resistance is not a signaling deficiency but a catastrophic failure in mechanotransduction and Pol I initiation.
“This proves that age-related anabolic resistance is not a signaling deficiency (efficiency) but a catastrophic failure in mechanotransduction and Pol I initiation (capacity) [47,106].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The timing of skeletal muscle biopsies and therefore of measurements of AMPK/mTORC1 activation is commonly referred to as a limitation and a possible source of inconsistencies between studies.
“Moreover, the timing of skeletal muscle biopsies and therefore of the measurements of AMPK/mTORC1 activation is commonly referred as a limitation and a possible source of inconsistencies found between different studies (Gibala et al., 2009; Figueiredo et al., 2015; Stec et al., 2015).”
From Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities (2021) · cites this paper as Stec et al., 2015
Cites
Bodine, S. C., Stitt, T. N., Gonzalez, M., Kline, W. O., Stover, G. L., Bauerlein, R., Zlotchenko, E., Scrimgeour, A., Lawrence, J. C., Glass, D. J., et al. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1101-1014 · Cited by 2,752 · see citing works
Invited Review: Aging and sarcopenia
Doherty, T. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003 · Cited by 1,764 · see citing works
Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans
Phillips, S. M., Tipton, K. D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Muscle wasting in disease: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies
Cohen, S., Nathan, J. A., & Goldberg, A. L. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4467 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Kumar, V., Selby, A., Rankin, D., Patel, R., Atherton, P., Hildebrandt, W., Williams, J., Smith, K., Seynnes, O., Hiscock, N., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164483 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
c-Myc binds to human ribosomal DNA and stimulates transcription of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I
Grandori, C., Gomez-Roman, N., Felton-Edkins, Z. A., Ngouenet, C., Galloway, D. A., Eisenman, R. N., & White, R. J. (2005) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1224 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Mayer, C., & Grummt, I. (2006) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209883 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Phosphorylation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) at Ser-2448 IsMediated by p70S6 Kinase
Chiang, G. G., & Abraham, R. T. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m501707200 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Kosek, D. J., Kim, J.-S., Petrella, J. K., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01474.2005 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationc-Myc associates with ribosomal DNA and activates RNA polymerase I transcription
Arabi, A., Wu, S., Ridderstråle, K., Bierhoff, H., Shiue, C.-N., Fátyol, K., Fahlén, S., Hydbring, P., Söderberg, O., Grummt, I., et al. (2005) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1225 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Drummond, M. J., Dreyer, H. C., Pennings, B., Fry, C. S., Dhanani, S., Dillon, E. L., Sheffield‐Moore, M., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2008 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Growth control and ribosome biogenesis
Lempiäinen, H., & Shore, D. (2009) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.09.002 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J.-S., Cross, J. M., Kosek, D. J., & Bamman, M. M. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2006 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationAging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mtorc1 signaling and protein synthesis
Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Glynn, E. L., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Timmerman, K. L., Walker, D. K., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2011) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/2044-5040-1-11 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Transcriptional profiling of aging in human muscle reveals a common aging signature
Zahn, J. M., Sonu, R., Vogel, H., Crane, E., Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Rabkin, R., Davis, R. W., Becker, K. G., Owen, A. B., & Kim, S. K. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020115 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Age differences in knee extension power, contractile velocity, and fatigability
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J.-S., Tuggle, S. C., Hall, S. R., & Bamman, M. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00294.2004 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Age on Muscle Hypertrophy Induced by Resistance Training
Welle, S. L., Totterman, S. M. S., & Thornton, C. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.6.m270 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Soliman, G. A., Acosta-Jaquez, H. A., Dunlop, E. A., Üstünel, B. E., Maj, N. E., Tee, A. R., & Fingar, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.096222 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Role of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle in the Regulation of Protein Metabolism
Young, V. R. (1970) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-510604-7.50018-9 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Bamman, M. M., Petrella, J. K., Kim, J.-S., Mayhew, D. L., & Cross, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2007 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Mayhew, D. L., Kim, J.-S., Cross, J. M., Ferrando, A. A., & Bamman, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationMitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Parise, G., Bellamy, L., Baker, S. K., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089431 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ribosome biogenesis: Emerging evidence for a central role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass
Chaillou, T., Kirby, T. J., & McCarthy, J. J. (2014) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.24604 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Transcriptional profiling of aging in human muscle reveals a common aging signature
Zahn, J. M., Sonu, R. J., Vogel, H. S., Crane, E., Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Rabkin, R., Davis, R. W., Becker, K. G., Owen, A. B., & Kim, S. K. (2005) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020115.eor · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Site-Specific mTOR Phosphorylation Promotes mTORC1-Mediated Signaling and Cell Growth
Acosta-Jaquez, H. A., Keller, J. A., Foster, K. G., Üstünel, B. E., Soliman, G. A., Feener, E. P., Ballif, B. A., & Fingar, D. C. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01665-08 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
mTOR function in skeletal muscle hypertrophy: Increased ribosomal RNA via cell cycle regulators
Nader, G. A., McLoughlin, T. J., & Esser, K. A. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00165.2005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Aging-sensitive cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Haddad, F., & Adams, G. R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01227.2005 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Nader, G. A., von Walden, F., Liu, C., Lindvall, J., Gutmann, L., Pistilli, E. E., & Gordon, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01366.2013 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Heightened muscle inflammation susceptibility may impair regenerative capacity in aging humans
Merritt, E. K., Stec, M. J., Thalacker-Mercer, A., Windham, S. T., Cross, J. M., Shelley, D. P., Craig Tuggle, S., Kosek, D. J., Kim, J.-S., & Bamman, M. M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00019.2013 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationSchnapp, A., Pfleiderer, C., Rosenbauer, H., & Grummt, I. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07475.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Resistance exercise, muscle loading/unloading and the control of muscle mass
Baar, K., Nader, G. A., & Bodine, S. C. (2006) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0420061 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Kim, J.-S., Petrella, J. K., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01194.2006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationvon Walden, F., Figueiredo, V. C., Farrants, A. Ö., & Nader, G. A. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00460.2011 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Thalacker‐Mercer, A. E., Dell’Italia, L. J., Cui, X., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2009) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00151.2009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationMyogenic protein expression before and after resistance loading in 26- and 64-yr-old men and women
Bamman, M. M., Ragan, R. C., Kim, J.-S., Cross, J. M., Hill, V. J., Tuggle, S. C., & Allman, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01387.2003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationKirby, T. J., Lee, J. D., England, J. H., Chaillou, T., Esser, K. A., & McCarthy, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00296.2015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Resistance training induced increase in muscle fiber size in young and older men
Mero, A. A., Hulmi, J. J., Salmijärvi, H., Katajavuori, M., Haverinen, M., Holviala, J., Ridanpää, T., Häkkinen, K., Kovanen, V., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2466-x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mayhew, D. L., Hornberger, T. A., Lincoln, H. C., & Bamman, M. M. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.202432 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationOverload-Induced C-Myc Oncoprotein Is Reduced in Aged Skeletal Muscle
Alway, S. E. (1997) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/52a.4.b203 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Roberts, M. D., Kerksick, C. M., Dalbo, V. J., Hassell, S. E., Tucker, P. S., & Brown, R. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181da786f · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle
Cartee, G. D., Hepple, R. T., Bamman, M. M., & Zierath, J. R. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationEgan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2021 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272857 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Stec, M. J., Kelly, N. A., Many, G. M., Windham, S. T., Tuggle, S. C., & Bamman, M. M. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00486.2015 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Figueiredo, V. C., & McCarthy, J. J. (2019) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00034.2018 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
McGlory, C., Devries, M. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Figueiredo, V. C., Roberts, L. A., Markworth, J. F., Barnett, M. P. G., Coombes, J. S., Raastad, T., Peake, J. M., & Cameron-Smith, D. (2016) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12670 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Benefits of higher resistance-training volume are related to ribosome biogenesis
Hammarström, D., Øfsteng, S., Koll, L., Hanestadhaugen, M., Hollan, I., Apró, W., Whist, J. E., Blomstrand, E., Rønnestad, B. R., & Ellefsen, S. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278455 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Stec, M. J., Thalacker-Mercer, A., Mayhew, D. L., Kelly, N. A., Tuggle, S. C., Merritt, E. K., Brown, C. J., Windham, S. T., Dell'Italia, L. J., Bickel, C. S., et al. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.018 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationRibosome biogenesis is necessary for skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Wen, Y., Alimov, A. P., & McCarthy, J. J. (2016) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000082 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fyfe, J. J., Bishop, D. J., Bartlett, J. D., Hanson, E. D., Anderson, M. J., Garnham, A. P., & Stepto, N. K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18887-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Genetic and epigenetic regulation of skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis with exercise
Figueiredo, V. C., Wen, Y., Alkner, B., Fernandez‐Gonzalo, R., Norrbom, J., Vechetti, I. J., Valentino, T., Mobley, C. B., Zentner, G. E., Peterson, C. A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281244 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mesquita, P. H. C., Vann, C. G., Phillips, S. M., McKendry, J., Young, K. C., Kavazis, A. N., & Roberts, M. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.725866 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effects of progressive elastic band resistance exercise for aged osteosarcopenic adiposity women
Lee, Y.-H., Lee, P.-H., Lin, L.-F., Liao, C.-D., Liou, T.-H., & Huang, S.-W. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111272 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kirby, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. L., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Kainulainen, H., Lensu, S., Koch, L. G., Britton, S. L., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00157.2017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mobley, C. B., Fox, C. D., Thompson, R. M., Healy, J. C., Santucci, V., Kephart, W. C., McCloskey, A. E., Kim, M., Pascoe, D. D., Martin, J. S., et al. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-015-2121-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ribosome accumulation during early phase resistance training in humans
Hammarström, D., Øfsteng, S. J., Jacobsen, N. B., Flobergseter, K. B., Rønnestad, B. R., & Ellefsen, S. (2022) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13806 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mitchell, C. J., D'Souza, R. F., Figueiredo, V. C., Chan, A., Aasen, K., Durainayagam, B., Mitchell, S., Sinclair, A. J., Egner, I. M., Raastad, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01100.2017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chaillou, T., & Montiel-Rojas, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2023.1171850 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Guo, C., Dai, T., Zhang, H., Luo, M., Gao, J., & Feng, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495218 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Muñoz López, M., López-Gil, J. F., Ramírez de la piscina Viúdez, X., Baz-Valle, E., & Tornero Aguilera, J. F. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15111041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Older adults subjected to identical resistance training protocols as younger cohorts exhibit significantly blunted accumulation of total RNA and attenuated transcription of the 45S pre-rRNA precursor, thereby severely limiting their hypertrophic potential [47].”
Influential
- Authors
- Stec, M. J., Mayhew, D. L., & Bamman, M. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bamman, Marcas M.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2015-10-15
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 851-857
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- PMC
- PMC4747892
- OpenAlex
- W2154400601
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) (F31AG044109, R01AG017896)
- HHS | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) (UL1TR000165)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (VA Merit Review Grant)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- ribosome biogenesis, resistance training, aging, skeletal muscle, muscle hypertrophy, ribosomal proteins, p70 S6 kinase, 40S ribosomal subunit, vastus lateralis, knee extension, translational capacity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Organelle Biogenesis, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Proteins, Nuclear Proteins, Ribosomes, Transcription Factors, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
