Comorbidities and complications of polycystic ovary syndrome: An overview of systematic reviews
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies affecting reproductive‐aged women with adverse reproductive, metabolic and psychological outcomes. It has a complex pathophysiology and therefore requires a multidiscipline clinical approach. However, there remains limited research synthesizing the broad clinical implications of PCOS which would assist clinicians in the management of PCOS. Objective: To summarize and appraise methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses evaluating complications and comorbidities associated with PCOS. Methods: A literature search from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS and PROSPERO was performed until 15 September 2017. Article selection, data extraction and quality appraisal of included reviews using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool were performed in duplicate. A narrative synthesis of the findings was conducted. Results: Twenty‐three reviews were included. All reviews were of low (n = 2) to moderate quality (n = 21). PCOS was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (n = 2), impaired glucose tolerance (n = 6), insulin resistance (n = 6), increased risk of type 2 diabetes (n = 1), cardiovascular disease (n = 10), metabolic syndrome (n = 2), psychological stress (n = 7), endometrial cancer (n = 1) and vitamin D deficiency (n = 1). Obesity exacerbates many of these outcomes. Conclusions: There is a large body of reliable evidence for adverse metabolic outcomes and smaller, but consistent evidence for psychological issues in PCOS. We identified a shortage of systematic reviews regarding pregnancy outcomes of PCOS and significant gaps in knowledge of the association between PCOS and subclinical hyperthyroidism, vitamin D levels and cancers which future studies could aim to address.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The evidence reported supports the results from an overview of reviews that investigated the association between polycystic ovary syndrome and system wide complications, including cardiovascular disease.
“The evidence reported supports the results from an overview of reviews that investigated the association between polycystic ovary syndrome and system wide complications, including cardiovascular disease”
From Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F., & Zwahlen, M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60269-x · Cited by 5,219 · see citing works
Men at risk: occupation and male infertility.
Claman, P. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)01188-9 · Cited by 2,219 · see citing works
Legro, R. S., Arslanian, S. A., Ehrmann, D. A., Hoeger, K. M., Murad, M. H., Pasquali, R., & Welt, C. K. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2350 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
March, W. A., Moore, V. M., Willson, K. J., Phillips, D. I. W., Norman, R. J., & Davies, M. J. (2010) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep399 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
Norman, R. J., Dewailly, D., Legro, R. S., & Hickey, T. E. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61345-2 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Costello, M. F., Dokras, A., Laven, J., Moran, L., Piltonen, T., Norman, R. J., Andersen, M., Azziz, R., et al. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Ehrmann, D. A., Barnes, R. B., Rosenfield, R. L., Cavaghan, M. K., & Imperial, J. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.1.141 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
Moran, L. J., Misso, M. L., Wild, R. A., & Norman, R. J. (2010) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq001 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Self-citationWild, R. A., Carmina, E., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dokras, A., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., Lobo, R., Norman, R. J., Talbott, E., & Dumesic, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2724 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Davies, M. J., Norman, R. J., & Moran, L. J. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dms030 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Boomsma, C. M., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Hughes, E. G., Visser, G. H. A., Fauser, B. C. J. M., & Macklon, N. S. (2006) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dml036 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology
Conway, G., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Franks, S., Gambineri, A., Kelestimur, F., Macut, D., Micic, D., Pasquali, R., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0253 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Murri, M., Luque‐Ramírez, M., Insenser, M. R., Ojeda, M. O., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2013) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dms059 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Goodman, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Glueck, J. S., Legro, R. S., & Carmina, E. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15748.dsc · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Barry, J. A., Azizia, M., & Hardiman, P. J. (2014) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu012 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
External Validation of a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR)
Shea, B. J., Bouter, L. M., Peterson, J., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Ortiz, Z., Ramsay, T., Bai, A., Shukla, V. K., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001350 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
The effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lim, S. S., Norman, R. J., Davies, M. J., & Moran, L. J. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01053.x · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationLipoprotein Lipid Concentrations and Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Wild, R. A., Painter, P. C., Coulson, P. B., CARRUTH, K. B., & Ranney, G. B. (1985) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-61-5-946 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Detecting Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Purposes and Pitfalls
Legro, R. S., Castracane, V. D., & Kauffman, R. P. (2004) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000109523.25076.e2 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
de Groot, P. C. M., Dekkers, O. M., Romijn, J. A., Dieben, S. W. M., & Helmerhorst, F. M. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr001 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline
Teede, H. J., Misso, M. L., Deeks, A. A., Moran, L. J., Stuckey, B. G. A., Wong, J. L. A., Norman, R. J., Costello, M. F., & Groups, O. B. O. T. G. D. (2011) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.10915 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationConsensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
The Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group, Fauser, B. C. J. M., Tarlatzis, B. C., Rebar, R. W., Legro, R. S., Balen, A. H., Lobo, R. A., Carmina, H., Chang, R. J., Yıldız, B. O., et al. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der396 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome
Moran, L., & Teede, H. (2009) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp008 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodman, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Glueck, J. S., Legro, R. S., & Carmina, E. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15748.dscpt2 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Salley, K. E. S., Wickham, E. P., Cheang, K. I., Essah, P. A., Karjane, N. W., & Nestler, J. E. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1549 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Barry, J. A., Kuczmierczyk, A. R., & Hardiman, P. J. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der197 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Rating the quality of evidence for clinical practice guidelines
Hadorn, D. C., Baker, D. W., Hodges, J. S., & Hicks, N. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00019-4 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Talbott, E. O., Clerici, A., Berga, S. L., Kuller, L. H., Guzick, D. S., Detre, K. M., Daniels, T. L., & Engberg, R. A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00010-9 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Li, R., Brereton, R. E., Anderson, R. A., Wallace, A. M., & Ho, C. K. M. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.03.002 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Yu, H.-F., Chen, H.-S., Rao, D.-P., & Gong, J. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004863 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive investigation
Deeks, A. A., Gibson-Helm, M. E., & Teede, H. J. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.018 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Vitamin D Levels and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
He, C., Lin, Z., Robb, S., & Ezeamama, A. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7064555 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Mental Health: A Review
Himelein, M. J., & Thatcher, S. S. (2006) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000243772.33357.84 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Veltman-Verhulst, S. M., Boivin, J., Eijkemans, M. J. C., & Fauser, B. J. C. M. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dms029 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Dokras, A., Clifton, S., Futterweit, W., & Wild, R. (2012) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.022 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Insulin resistance: A significant risk factor of endometrial cancer
Mu, N., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., & Xue, F. (2012) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.032 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Basic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Brassard, M., Ainmelk, Y., & Baillargeon, J. (2008) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.008 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Molecular progress in infertility: polycystic ovary syndrome
Legro, R. S., & Strauss, J. F. (2002) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03275-2 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Meyer, M. L., Malek, A. M., Wild, R. A., Korytkowski, M. T., & Talbott, E. O. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr046 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD): a meta-analysis.
Zhao, L., Zhu, Z., Lou, H., Zhu, G., Huang, W., Zhang, S., & Liu, F. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9553 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a sample of Indigenous women in Darwin, Australia
Boyle, J. A., Cunningham, J., OˈDea, K., Dunbar, T., & Norman, R. J. (2012) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.10553 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Toulis, K., Goulis, D., Kolibianakis, E., Venetis, C., Tarlatzis, B., & Papadimas, I. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.045 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Sprung, V. S., Atkinson, G., Cuthbertson, D. J., Pugh, C. J. A., Aziz, N., GREEN, D. J., Cable, N. T., & Jones, H. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04490.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Moran, L. J., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Wittert, G. A., Williams, G., & Norman, R. J. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.77 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular disease risk in women with PCOS
Dokras, A. (2013) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.009 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The role of vitamin D in metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review
Krul-Poel, Y. H. M., Snackey, C., Louwers, Y. V., Lips, P. T. A. M., Lambalk, C. B., Laven, J. S. E., & Şimşek, S. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0617 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Behboudi‐Gandevani, S., Tehrani, F. R., Dovom, M. R., Farahmand, M., Khomami, M. B., Noroozzadeh, M., Kabir, A., & Azizi, F. (2016) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2015.1117069 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, Y., Ng, E. H. Y., Stener‐Victorin, E., Hou, L., Wu, T., Han, F., & Wu, X. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.072 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Yang, R., Yang, S., Li, R., Liu, P., Qiao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-016-0203-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Colagiuri, S., Hussain, Z., Zimmet, P., Cameron, A., & Shaw, J. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.367 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Özdemir, S., Özdemir, M., Görkemli, H., Kıyıcı, A., & Bodur, S. (2010) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016340903353284 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ramezani‐Binabaj, M., Motalebi, M., Karimi‐Sari, H., Zavareh, M. S. R., & Alavian, S. M. (2014) · Hepatitis Monthly · doi:10.5812/hepatmon.23235 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Metabolic effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: a meta-analysis
Li, L., Feng, Q., Ye, M., He, Y., Yao, A., & Shi, K. (2017) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1318840 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kaczmarek, C., Haller, D. M., & Yaron, M. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.05.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased cardiovascular disease risk later in life?
Gunning, M. N., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2017) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2017.1316256 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
(2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Thomson, R. L., Buckley, J. D., Moran, L., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Norman, R. J., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2009) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02177.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationCarmina, E., Campagna, A. M., & Lobo, R. A. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det119 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Relationship of Menstrual Irregularity to Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indian Women
Roumain, J., Charles, M.-A. A., de Courten, M., Hanson, R. L., Brodie, T. D., Pettitt, D. J., & Knowler, W. C. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.3.346 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Thathapudi, S., Kodati, V., Erukkambattu, J., Katragadda, A., Addepally, U., & Hasan, Q. A. (2014) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.12470 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Health-related knowledge, beliefs and self-efficacy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Lin, A. W., Dollahite, J. S., Sobal, J., & Lujan, M. E. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dex351 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Metabolic Syndrome
Sharpless, J. L. (2003) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.21.4.154 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Total and Unopposed Estrogen Exposure across Stages of the Transition to Menopause
O’Connor, K. A., Ferrell, R. J., Brindle, E., Shofer, J. B., Holman, D. J., Miller, R. C., Schechter, D. E., Singer, B. H., & Weinstein, M. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0996 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pergialiotis, V., Konstantopoulos, P. S., Prodromidou, A., Florou, V., Papantoniou, N. E., & Perrea, D. N. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0611 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Khatibi, A., Agardh, C. –., Shakir, Y. A., Nerbrand, C., Nyberg, P., Lidfeldt, J., & Samsioe, G. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701377265 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes and risk of cancer
Satija, A., Spiegelman, D. L., Giovannucci, E. L., & Hu, F. B. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g7707 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The association between polycystic ovary syndrome and breast cancer: a meta-analysis
Shobeiri, F., & Jenabi, E. (2016) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Science · doi:10.5468/ogs.2016.59.5.367 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Chang J, Azziz R, Legro R, et al. The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM- Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2014; 81(1):19-25.
- Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, Hickey TE. Polycystic ovary syn- drome. Lancet (London, England). 2007;370(9588):685-697.
- Yang R, Yang S, Li R, Liu P, Qiao J, Zhang Y. Effects of hyperandro- genism on metabolic abnormalities in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14(1):67.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Okoth, K., Chandan, J. S., Marshall, T., Thangaratinam, S., Thomas, G. N., Nirantharakumar, K., & Adderley, N. J. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3502 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Deconstructing a Syndrome: Genomic Insights Into PCOS Causal Mechanisms and Classification
Dapas, M., & Dunaif, A. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac001 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Qu, X., & Donnelly, R. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21218191 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Piltonen, T. T., Ruokojärvi, M., Karro, H., Kujanpää, L., Morin-Papunen, L., Tapanainen, J. S., Stener-Victorin, E., Sundrström-Poromaa, I., Hirschberg, A. L., Ravn, P., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226074 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Z., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, L.-L., Hu, D.-T., Teng, Y., Zhang, T.-Y., Yan, Z.-Y., Wang, F., & Zou, Y.-F. (2022) · Scottish Medical Journal · doi:10.1177/00369330221107099 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Percy, C., Turner, A., & Orr, C. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/52427 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vågenes, H., & Pranić, S. M. (2023) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-023-01100-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gilbert, E. W., Tay, C. T., Hiam, D. S., Teede, H. J., & Moran, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Monash Medical Centre (AU)
- Victoria University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gilbert, Emily W.
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-09-18
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 683-699
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2887181008
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, comorbidities, complications, adverse pregnancy outcomes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, psychological stress, endometrial cancer, vitamin D deficiency, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Neoplasms, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Vitamin D
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
