The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Letter Binding and Invariant Recognition of Masked Words: Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Fluent readers recognize visual words across changes in case and retinal location, while maintaining a high sensitivity to the arrangement of letters. To evaluate the automaticity and functional anatomy of invariant word recognition, we measured brain activity during subliminal masked priming. By preceding target words with an unrelated prime, a repeated prime, or an anagram made of the same letters, we separated letter-level and whole-word codes. By changing the case and the retinal location of primes and targets, we evaluated the invariance of those codes. Our results indicate that an invariant binding of letters into words is achieved unconsciously through a series of increasingly invariant stages in the left occipito-temporal pathway.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The evidence at present suggests that orthographic processing proceeds in a posterior–anterior sweep through left fusiform gyrus, with an increase in location-invariance (Dehaene et al., 2004) accompanied by increased sensitivity to orthographic structure (Vinckier et al., 2007).”
From A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing (2011) · cites this paper as Dehaene et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“TheVWFAisgenerallyinsensitive to factors that influence lexical access, such as contrasts between high- and lowfrequency words [24], or between real and pseudowords, as revealed by event-related fMRI analyses [11,23,25].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Case invariance holds even for upper and lowercase letters that share no visual similarity but are related only by arbitrary cultural convention (e.g. a and A, g and G) [22,23].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M.-A., & Michel, F. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.2.291 · Cited by 1,954
Self-citation(1990) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1,661
Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access.
Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.10.4.680 · Cited by 1,414
Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., & Rivière, D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89551 · Cited by 1,305
Self-citationLanguage‐specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area
Cohen, L., Lehéricy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf094 · Cited by 1,254
Self-citationWhy visual attention and awareness are different
Lamme, V. A. F. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00013-x · Cited by 1,172
fMR-adaptation: a tool for studying the functional properties of human cortical neurons
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., & Malach, R. (2001) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(01)00019-1 · Cited by 1,089
Chronometric analysis of classification.
Posner, M. I., & Mitchell, R. F. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024913 · Cited by 802
Simon, O., Mangin, J., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00575-5 · Cited by 793
Self-citationWord recognition in the human inferior temporal lobe
Nobre, A. C., Allison, T., & McCarthy, G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372260a0 · Cited by 789
The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus
Dehaene, S., Le Clec’H, G., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200203040-00015 · Cited by 727 · cited 2×
“13 prelexical, as demonstrated by its identical response to words and to pronounceable pseusowords (Dehaene et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Neural Mechanism for Working and Recognition Memory in Inferior Temporal Cortex
Miller, E. K., Li, L., & Desimone, R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1962197 · Cited by 706
Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming
Vuilleumier, P. O., Henson, R. N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn839 · Cited by 509
Naccache, L. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.10.966 · Cited by 449
Self-citationCortical Mechanisms Specific to Explicit Visual Object Recognition
Bar, M., Tootell, R. B. H., Schacter, D. L., Greve, D. N., Fischl, B. R., Mendola, J. D., Rosen, B. R., & Dale, A. M. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00224-0 · Cited by 441
A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway
Büchel, C., Price, C., & Friston, K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28389 · Cited by 378
Tsunoda, K., Yamane, Y., Nishizaki, M., & Tanifuji, M. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/90547 · Cited by 359
Microcultures of Dissociated Primary Central Nervous System Neurons
Azmitia, E. C. (1990) · Methods in neurosciences · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-185254-2.50021-8 · Cited by 332
Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Clarke, K., Husain, M., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00045-3 · Cited by 328
The relationship between cortical activation and perception investigated with invisible stimuli
Moutoussis, K., & Zeki, S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.142305699 · Cited by 290
Masking Interrupts Figure-Ground Signals in V1
Lamme, V. A. F., Zipser, K., & Spekreijse, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902320474490 · Cited by 285
A Hierarchical Axis of Object Processing Stages in the Human Visual Cortex
Lerner, Y. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.4.287 · Cited by 272
Rees, G. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.8.1624 · Cited by 268
Orthographic processing in visual word identification
Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1990) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90012-s · Cited by 246
Parts Outweigh the Whole (Word) in Unconscious Analysis of Meaning
Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00226 · Cited by 242
The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia
Leff, A. P., Crewes, H., Plant, G. T., Scott, S. K., Kennard, C., & Wise, R. J. S. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.510 · Cited by 183
Consciousness and the structure of neuronal representations
The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, & Singer, W. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0335 · Cited by 164
Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming.
Bowers, J. S., Vigliocco, G., & Haan, R. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.24.6.1705 · Cited by 138
Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming
Bowers, J. S., Vigliocco, G., & Haan, R. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1705 · Cited by 138
Ciuciu, P., Poline, J.-B., Marrelec, G., Idier, J., Pallier, C., & Benali, H. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2003.817759 · Cited by 136
Self-citationLetter-position coding in random consonant arrays
Peressotti, F., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206802 · Cited by 76
Sdol, E. (2009) · Cited by 70
Converging Methods for Investigating Lexical Access
Posner, M. I., & McCandliss, B. D. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00569.x · Cited by 27
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McCandliss B.D., 1993, Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 1807
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489
Self-citationThe unique role of the visual word form area in reading
Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.003 · Cited by 1,488
Self-citationCultural Recycling of Cortical Maps
Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004 · Cited by 1,438
Self-citationConsciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience
Block, N. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002786 · Cited by 1,146
The neural code for written words: a proposal
Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., & Vinckier, F. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.004 · Cited by 1,201
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Naccache, L., Ciuciu, P., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Anatomo-Fonctionnelle, Institut Fédératif de Recherches 49, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Orsay, France
- Corresponding author
- Dehaene, S.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 307-313
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2146819315
- Semantic Scholar
- c1244e9928f8d458f1e0010fa6b5f549912452c4
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 38.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- cea.hal.science
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- word recognition, visual word recognition, unconscious processes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Linguistics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Perceptual Masking, Temporal Lobe, Visual Perception, Vocabulary, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
