Cited by 928Stress Responses and CortisolBirth, Development, and HealthNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids and the Programming of the Brain

Welberg, L. A. M., Seckl, J. R.·2001·Journal of Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2001.00601.x

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Abstract

Abstract A large body of human epidemiological data, as well as experimental studies, suggest that environmental factors operating early in life potently affect developing systems, permanently altering structure and function throughout life. This process with its persistent organizational effects has been called ‘programming’. The brain is a key target for such effects. This review focuses on the effects of adverse early environments, notably exposure to stress or glucocorticoids, upon subsequent adult hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity, behaviour and cognition. We discuss the effects observed, the proposed underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms and the consequences for pathophysiology. The data suggest that key targets for programming include glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and the corticotrophin‐releasing hormone system. Increasing evidence for analogous processes in humans is also reviewed. Early life programming of neuroendocrine systems and behaviour by stress and exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoids appears to be a fundamental process underpinning common disorders. Approaches to minimize or reverse the consequences of such early life events may have therapeutic importance.

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Authors: Welberg, L. A. M., & Seckl, J. R.
Affiliations: Western General Hospital (GB)
ORCID: Welberg, L. A. M.
Seckl, J. R.
Venue: Journal of Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-02
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 113-128
ISSN: 0953-8194 (ISSN-L)
1365-2826
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2001.00601.x
OpenAlex: W1570408419
Cited by: 928
References: 220
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 14.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2724 d)
Locations: Journal of Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
British Heart Foundation
European Commission
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: prenatal stress, glucocorticoids, developmental programming, brain development, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoid receptor, corticotropin-releasing factor, neuroendocrine system, behavior, cognition, childhood adversity, neuroendocrine disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Brain, Fetal Diseases, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Stress, Physiological

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Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids and the Programming of the Brain

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