The incidence of Type I diabetes has not increased but shifted to a younger age at diagnosis in the 0–34 years group in Sweden 1983 to 1998
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis To analyse the incidence of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden 1983-1998.Methods Incidence and cumulative incidence per 100 000 and Poisson regression analysis of age-period effects was carried out using 11 751 cases from two nation-wide prospective registers.Results Incidence (95%-CI) was 21.4 (20.8-21.9) in men and 17.1 (16.6-17.5) in women between 0 and 34 years of age. In boys aged 0-14 and girls aged 0-12 years the incidence increased over time, but it tended to decrease at older age groups, especially in men. Average cumulative incidence at 35 years was 748 in men and 598 in women. Cumulative incidence in men was rather stable during four 4-year periods (736, 732, 762, 756), while in women it varied more (592, 542, 617, 631). In males aged 0-34 years, the incidence did not vary between the 4-year periods ( p=0.63), but time changes among the 3-year age groups differed ( p<0.001). In females the incidence between the periods varied ( p<0.001), being lower in 1987-1990 compared to 1983-1986, but time changes in the age groups did not differ ( p=0.08). For both sexes median age at diagnosis was higher in 1983-1986 than in 1995-1998 ( p<0.001) (15.0 and 12.5 years in males; 11.9 and 10.4 in females, respectively).Conclusion/interpretation During a 16-year period the incidence of Type I diabetes did not increase in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden, while median age at diagnosis decreased. A shift to younger age at diagnosis seems to explain the increasing incidence of childhood Type I diabetes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many reports indicate an excess of type 1 diabetes cases in male adults after the pubertal years, with a male-to-female ratio of at least 1.5, in populations of European origin.
“Many reports indicate an excess of T1D cases in male adults after the pubertal years (male-female ratio ≥1.5) in populations of European origin 31–34.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment
Atkinson, M. A., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05415-0 · Cited by 1,491 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group.
(1986) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-104-4-597_2 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Impaired Insulin Action in Puberty
Amiel, S. A., Sherwin, R. S., Simonson, D. C., Lauritano, A. A., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198607243150402 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Onkamo, P., Väänänen, S., Karvonen, M., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051309 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children.
Moran, A., Jacobs, D. R., Steinberger, J., Hong, C. P., Prineas, R. J., Luepker, R. V., & Sinaiko, A. R. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.10.2039 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe
(2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)07125-1 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
[WHO Expert Committee on diabetes mellitus].
Reitsma, W. D., & Terpstra, J. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 558 · see citing works
BMI in Childhood and Its Association with Height Gain, Timing of Puberty, and Final Height
He, Q., & KARLBERG, J. P. E. (2001) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200102000-00019 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Karvonen, M., Tuomilehto, J., Libman, I. M., & Laporte, R. E. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf02374468 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of type 1 diabetes in children.
Hyppönen, E., Virtanen, S. M., Kenward, M. G., Knip, M., Åkerblom, H. K., & Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.12.1755 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Age of Onset and Type of Diabetes
Laakso, M., & Pyörälà, K. (1985) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.8.2.114 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The Swedish childhood diabetes study
Blom, L., Nystr�m, L., & Dahlquist, G. G. (1991) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00418272 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in overweight and obesity among 18-year-old males in Sweden between 1971 and 1995
Rasmussen, F. E., Johansson, M., & Hansen, H. (1999) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01136.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Incidence of Insulin‐dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Age Groups Over 30 years in Denmark
Mølbak, A. G., Christau, B., Marner, B., Borch‐Johnsen, K., & Nerup, J. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00327.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Johansson, C., Samuelsson, U., & Ludvigsson, J. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00428783 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
A high linear growth is associated with an increased risk of childhood diabetes mellitus
Blom, L., Persson, L. Å., & Dahlquist, G. G. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400480 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in body mass index and prevalence of obesity in Swedish men 1980-89.
Kuskowska-Wolk, A., & Bergström, R. (1993) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.47.2.103 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Dahlquist, G., Mustonen, L., & for the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/080352500750027628 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Onset Diabetes—Time Trends and Climatological Factors
Dahlquist, G. G., & Mustonen, L. (1994) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1234 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationCrucial points at diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes or slow type 1 diabetes.
Zimmet, P., Turner, R. S., McCarty, D., Rowley, M., & Mackay, I. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dahlquist, G. G., Mustonen, L., & for the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00741.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationNyström, L., Dahlquist, G. G., Rewers, M., & Wall, S. (1990) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/19.1.141 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationLandin‐Olsson, M., Karlsson, F. A., Lernmark, Å., Sundkvist, G., & The Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden Group (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.8.1022 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationVandewalle, C. L., Coeckelberghs, M. I., De Leeuw, I. H., Caju, M. V. D., Schuit, F. C., Pipeleers, D. G., & Gorus, F. K. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.10.1556 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Bruining, G. J. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02612-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nyström, L., Dahlquist, G. G., Östman, J., Wall, S., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Lithner, F., Littorin, B., Scherstén, B., & Wibell, L. B. (1992) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.352 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationOnset of type 1 diabetes: a dynamical instability.
de Blasio, B. F., Bąk, P. M., Pociot, F., Karlsen, A. E., & Nerup, J. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1677 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Lernmark, Å., & Alshiekh, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.15001-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Trends in body mass index and prevalence of obesity in Swedish women 1980-89.
Kuskowska-Wolk, A., & Bergström, R. (1993) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.47.3.195 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Littorin, B., Sundkvist, G., Hagopian, W., Landin-Olsson, M., Lernmark, A., Ostman, J., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Eriksson, J. W., et al. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.3.409 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental risk factors in human type 1 diabetes—An epidemiological perspective
Dahlquist, G. G. (1995) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmr.5610110104 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Sweden
Östman, J., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Lithner, F., Littorin, B., Nyström, L., Sandstrom, A. I. M., Scherstén, B., Wall, S., & Wibell, L. B. (1986) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02793.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPitei, D. L., Watkins, P., & EDMONDS, M. E. (1997) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199704)14:4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Difficulties in Classifying Diabetes at Presentation in the Young Adult
Arnqvist, H. J., Littorin, B., Nyström, L., Scherstén, B., Östman, J., Blohmé, G., Lithner, F., & Wibell, L. B. (1993) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00132.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBruno, G., Merletti, F., Biggeri, A., Cerutti, F., Grosso, N., Salvia, A. D., Vitali, E., & Pagano, G. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051575 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Height and body mass index of seven‐year‐old Stockholm schoolchildren from 1940 to 1990
Cernerud, L. (1993) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12666.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Non-genetic risk determinants of type 1 diabetes.
Dahlquist, G. G. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationLittorin, B., Sundkvist, G., Scherstén, B., Nyström, L., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Lithner, F., Wibell, L. B., & Östman, J. (1996) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(96)01282-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationGeenen, V. G., & Lefèbvre, P. J. (1998) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0895(199803)14:1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Landin‐Olsson, M., Karlsson, F. A., Lernmark, Å., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.8.1022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rasmussen, F. E., & Johansson, M. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/080352500750043855 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Patterson, C. C., Dahlquist, G. G., Gyürüs, E., Green, A., & Soltész, G. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60568-7 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of type 1 diabetes
Maahs, D. M., West, N. A., Lawrence, J. M., & Mayer-Davis, E. J. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Pubertal transitions in health
Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60366-3 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Obesity in autoimmune diseases: Not a passive bystander
Versini, M., Jeandel, P.-Y., Rosenthal, E., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2014) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.001 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“Although a number of studies demonstrated that among heavier children T1D occurs at a younger age [242–244], several authors argue that this is balanced by a decreased incidence among older age groups, resulting in a stable overall risk [245,246].”
Meier, J. J., Butler, A. E., Saisho, Y., Monchamp, T., Galasso, R., Bhushan, A., Rizza, R. A., & Butler, P. C. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1369 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“The incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing in early childhood (less than three years of age)(33).”
BackgroundPalmer, A. J., Roze, S., Valentine, W. J., Minshall, M. E., FOOS, V., Lurati, F. M., Lammert, M., & Spinas, G. A. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079904x1980 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study
Harjutsalo, V., Sjöberg, L., & Tuomilehto, J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60765-5 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Environmental Triggers and Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes
Knip, M., Veijola, R., Virtanen, S. M., Hyöty, H., Vaarala, O., & Åkerblom, H. K. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s125 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Age–period–cohort models for the Lexis diagram
Carstensen, B. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2764 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes: pathogenesis and prevention
Gillespie, K. M. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.060244 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence–what can we learn from epidemiology?
Soltesz, G., Patterson, C., Dahlquist, G., & EURODIAB Study Group (2007) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00280.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationAberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children
de Goffau, M. C., Fuentes, S., van den Bogert, B., Honkanen, H., de Vos, W. M., Welling, G. W., Hyöty, H., & Harmsen, H. J. M. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3274-0 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“Like many autoimmune diseases, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing worldwide, showing a particularly sharp increase among children under the age of 5 years [20–23].”
BackgroundGAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus
Ludvigsson, J., Krisky, D., Casas, R., Battelino, T., Castaño, L., Greening, J., Kordonouri, O., Otonkoski, T., Pozzilli, P., Robert, J.-J., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107096 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review
Diaz-Valencia, P. A., Bougnères, P., & Valleron, A.-J. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1591-y · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“The corresponding countries are (1997) [32]; DK: Denmark [34]; ES1: Spain, Catalonia [54]; ES2: Spain, Islamic Republic of) [15]; IT: Italy [45,46]; SE: Sweden [63], TW: Taiwan Figure 3 (See legend on next page.)”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Emerging Global Epidemic of Type 1 Diabetes
Tuomilehto, J. (2013) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0433-5 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Zendehdel, K. (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djg105 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes
Borchers, A. T., Uibo, R., & Gershwin, M. E. (2009) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.12.003 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Incidence of type 1 diabetes in China, 2010-13: population based study
Weng, J., Zhou, Z., Guo, L., Zhu, D., Ji, L., Luo, X., Mu, Y., & Jia, W. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j5295 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Relationship between β‐cell mass and diabetes onset
Matveyenko, A. V., & Butler, P. C. (2008) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00939.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Thirty Years of Prospective Nationwide Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes
Berhan, Y., Waernbaum, I., Lind, T., Möllsten, A., Dahlquist, G., & for the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group* (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0813 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in 0- to 17-year-old Colorado youth
Vehik, K., Hamman, R. F., Lezotte, D., Norris, J. M., Klingensmith, G., Bloch, C., Rewers, M., & Dabelea, D. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1837 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Can we slow the rising incidence of childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes? The overload hypothesis
Dahlquist, G. G. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0076-4 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“In Sweden, a nationwide prospective register found no increase in young adults aged 15–34 years, and analysis of cumulative rates indicated a shift towards a younger age of onset rather than an overall rise in type 1 diabetes, at least up to the age of 35 [ 4 ].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTesting the Accelerator Hypothesis
Kibirige, M. S., Metcalf, B. S., Renuka, R., & Wilkin, T. J. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.10.2865 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Incidence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Aged 30–49 Years
Bruno, G., Runzo, C., Cavallo‐Perin, P., Merletti, F., Rivetti, M., Pinach, S., Novelli, G., Trovati, M., Cerutti, F., Pagano, G., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.11.2613 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Knerr, I., Wolf, J., Reinehr, T., Stachow, R., Grabert, M., Schober, E., Rascher, W., Holl, R. W., & Austria, O. B. O. T. D. S. I. O. G. A. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0033-2 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The changing epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: why is it going through the roof?
Vehik, K., & Dabelea, D. (2010) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1141 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“decreasing rates later in life [43,57–59], suggesting that”
BackgroundBetts, P. R., Mulligan, J., Ward, P., Smith, B., & Wilkin, T. J. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01368.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Al‐Salami, H., Butt, G., Fawcett, J. P., Tucker, I. G., Goločorbin-Kon, S., & Mikov, M. (2008) · European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/bf03191026 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Environmental factors in the development of Type 1 diabetes
Peng, H., & Hagopian, W. (2007) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-006-9024-y · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Wilkin, T. J. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.97 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Testing the Accelerator Hypothesis
Dabelea, D., D’Agostino, R. B., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Pettitt, D. J., Imperatore, G., Dolan, L. M., Pihoker, C., Hillier, T. A., Marcovina, S. M., Linder, B. L., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1339 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Östman, J., Lönnberg, G., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Schnell, A. E., Eriksson, J. W., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Sundkvist, G., & Nyström, L. (2008) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01896.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationShu, X., Ji, J., Li, X., Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K., & Hemminki, K. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03011.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Characteristics at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children younger than 6 years
Quinn, M., Fleischman, A., ROSNER, B. A., Nigrin, D. J., & Wolfsdorf, J. I. (2006) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.029 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The incidence of diabetes among 0–34 year olds in Sweden: new data and better methods
Rawshani, A., Landin‐Olsson, M., Svensson, A., Nyström, L., Arnqvist, H. J., Bolinder, J., & Guðbjörnsdóttir, S. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3225-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“These studies were based on the DISS, which includes 15–34 year olds, and the SCDR, which includes patients aged 14 and younger [8, 9].”
MethodSelf-citationType 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease—The Genetic Link
Frommer, L., & Kahaly, G. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.618213 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Trends in Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Among Non-Hispanic White Youth in the U.S., 2002–2009
Lawrence, J. M., Imperatore, G., Dabelea, D., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Linder, B. L., Saydah, S., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Dolan, L. M., Standiford, D. A., Pihoker, C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1891 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Male–Female Differences in Diabetic Retinopathy?
Ozawa, G. Y., Bearse, M. A., & Adams, A. J. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.958500 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Figure adapted from Pundziute-Lycka et al.(16).”
BackgroundSvensson, M. K. E., Sundkvist, G., Arnqvist, H. J., Björk, E., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Henricsson, M., Nyström, L., Torffvit, O., Waernbaum, I., et al. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.10.2903 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationMöllsten, A., Svensson, M. K. E., Waernbaum, I., Berhan, Y. T., Schön, S., Nyström, L., Arnqvist, H. J., Dahlquist, G. G., & for the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group, T. D. I. S. I. S. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-1744 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Although the incidence of type 1 diabetes has increased in children, and onset of disease occurs at younger age (2,3), a decrease in incidence of diabetic nephropathy and a longer duration from onset of diabetes to diabetic nephropathy and ESRD has been reported from dedicated centers (4).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAir pollution as a potential contributor to the ‘epidemic’ of autoimmune disease
Ritz, S. A. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.033 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Sweden Among Individuals Aged 0–34 Years, 1983–2007
Dahlquist, G. G., Nyström, L., Patterson, C. C., the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group, & the Diabetes Incidence in Sweden Study Group (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0056 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“However, the proportion of cases in the DISS classified as type 1 diabetes has not significantly changed over time (4).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationType 1 diabetes and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome: A review
Hansen, M. P. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.67 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Glycemic and Risk Factor Control in Type 1 Diabetes
Eeg‐Olofsson, K., Cederholm, J., Nilsson, P. M., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., & Eliasson, B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1406 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Spring harvest? Reflections on the rise of type 1 diabetes
Gale, E. A. M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0028-z · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wennick, A., & Hallström, I. (2006) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840706296724 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…Group, 2000; Freiesleben De Blasio, Bak, Pociot, Karlsen, & Nerup, 1999; Green, Sjolie, & Eshoj, 1998; Karvonen et al., 1993; A. Lernmark, 1999; Pundziute-Lycka et al., 2002), and due to the increasing incidence of younger age at diagnosis (Pundziute-Lycka et al., 2002), extensive demands are…”
BackgroundTrends in high-risk HLA susceptibility genes among Colorado youth with type 1 diabetes
Vehik, K., Hamman, R. F., Lezotte, D., Norris, J. M., Klingensmith, G. J., Rewers, M., & Dabelea, D. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2210 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Redefining relationships and identity in young adults with type 1 diabetes
Sparud‐Lundin, C., Öhrn, I., & Danielson, E. (2009) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05166.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Young adults with diabetes face a number of challenges at the time for transition to adult life, a process becoming more common due to the shift of diabetes onset during childhood instead of in early adulthood (Pundziute-Lycka et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSvensson, J., Lyngaae-Jørgensen, A., Carstensen, B., Simonsen, L. B., Mortensen, H. B., & Danish Childhood Diabetes Registry (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00483.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Puberty, Developmental Processes, and Health Interventions
Viner, R., Allen, N. B., & Patton, G. C. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The risk factors of ketoacidosis in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus
Szypowska, A., & Skórka, A. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00689.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zipris, D. (2009) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.12.011 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Glycaemic control and diabetes care utilization in young adults with Type 1 diabetes1
Sparud‐Lundin, C., Öhrn, I., Danielson, E., & Forsander, G. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02521.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lamb, M. M., Yin, X., Zerbe, G. O., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Dabelea, D., Fingerlin, T. E., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1428-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of 1990–2003 Incidence Time Trends of Childhood Diabetes in Italy
Bruno, G., Maule, M. M., Merletti, F., Novelli, G., Falorni, A., Iannilli, A., Iughetti, L., Altobelli, E., d’Annunzio, G., Piffer, S., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0151 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Söderström, U., Åman, J., & Hjern, A. (2012) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02410.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In Sweden, this has been accompanied by a shift to a younger age at onset (4).”
BackgroundDiabetes: a growing epidemic of all ages.
Moore, P. A., Zgibor, J. C., & Dasanayake, A. P. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Age-Dependent Influences on the Origins of Autoimmune Diabetes
Leslie, R. D., & Castelli, M. D. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“In support of accelerated disease progression, the disease incidence rose in the young (age 0‐14 years) with a coincident fall later (15‐34 or 39 years) ( 27 ,28).”
BackgroundGenetic and perinatal factors as risk for childhood type 1 diabetes
Larsson, K., Larsson, H. E., Cedervall, E., Kockum, K., Neiderud, J., Sjöblad, S., Lindberg, B. A., Lernmark, B., Cilio, C., Ivarsson, S. A., et al. (2004) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.506 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Increased Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Children Born After 1985
Svensson, J., Carstensen, B., Mølbak, A. G., Christau, B., Mortensen, H. B., Nerup, J., Borch‐Johnsen, K., & the Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood (DSBD) (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.12.2197 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Continuous rise in incidence of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Germany
Ehehalt, S., Blumenstock, G., Willasch, A. M., Hub, R., Ranke, M. B., Neu, A., & for the DIARY‐study Group Baden‐Württemberg (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02450.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Derraik, J. G. B., Reed, P., Jefferies, C., Cutfield, S. W., Hofman, P. L., & Cutfield, W. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032640 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Diabetes Incidence in 0- to 14-Year Age-Group in Italy
Carle, F., Gesuita, R., Bruno, G., Coppa, G. V., Falorni, A., Lorini, R., Martinucci, M., Pozzilli, P., Prisco, F., Songini, M., et al. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2790 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
for the Swedish Better Diabetes Diagnosis Study Group, Carlsson, A., Kockum, I. S., Lindblad, B., Engleson, L., Nilsson, A. C., Forsander, G., Karlsson, A., Kernell, A., Ludvigsson, J., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.122 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Li, Z., Yang, N., He, L., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Ping, F., Xu, L., Zhang, H., Li, W., & Li, Y. (2024) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2024.21 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The age of onset of metabolic risk factors tended to be younger (35-36).”
Epidemiological Perspectives on Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in Germany
Ehehalt, S., Dietz, K., Willasch, A. M., Neu, A., & for the Baden-Württemberg Diabetes Incidence Registry (DIARY) Group (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1503 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Galli, E., Härkönen, T., Sainio, M. T., Ustav, M., Toots, U., Urtti, A. O., Yliperttula, M. L., Lindahl, M., Knip, M., Saarma, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29058 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pozzilli, P., Guglielmi, C., Pronina, E. A., & Petryaykina, E. E. (2007) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00338.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Incidence Trends
Knip, M. (2011) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000329169 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Whether this is a population-wide increase or a consequence of decreasing average age at disease presentation is controversial. A recent Swedish study reported that there was no significant change in the overall incidence of T1D over a 16-year period in the Swedish population below the age of 35 years, but a shift tow…”
BackgroundGlutathione-s-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and associations with type 1 diabetes age-at-onset
Bekris, L. M., Shephard, C., Peterson, M., Hoehna, J. L., Yserloo, B. V., Rutledge, E. A., Farin, F. M., Kavanagh, T. J., & Lernmark, Å. (2005) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916930500407238 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The emerging global epidemic of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease – causes and consequences
Malmborg, P., & Hildebrand, H. (2015) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12413 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Liu, C., Yuan, Y.-C., Guo, M.-N., Xin, Z., Chen, G.-J., Bentley, A. R., Hua, L., Zheng, J.-P., Ekoru, K., & Yang, J.-K. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-0342 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Increasing Onset of Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Hummel, K., McFann, K., Realsen, J., Messer, L. H., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., & Chase, H. P. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.03.061 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Samuelsson, U., Lindblad, B., Carlsson, A., Forsander, G., Ivarsson, S. A., Kockum, I. S., Lernmark, Å., Marcus, C., Ludvigsson, J., & Better Diabetes Diagnosis (BDD) study group (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2365 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“All factors mentioned previously may contribute to the less good metabolic control of girls with T1D, but are there differences also in disease process? Thus, we know that T1D is twice as common in boys as in girls after the age of 15 years [9], in contrast to other autoimmune diseases that tend to be more common in w…”
ResultPiedmont Study Group for Diabetes Epidemiology, Bruno, G., Novelli, G., Panero, F., Perotto, M., Monasterolo, F., Bona, G., Perino, A., Rabbone, I., Cavallo‐Perin, P., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1538-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“susceptible individuals rather than a true lifetime increasing risk of the disease has been suggested by the few studies that extended the recruitment of incident cases up to adults [ 4 , 5].”
BackgroundResultDemirbilek, H., Mehmet, N. Ö., & Baran, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.954 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cord blood islet autoantibodies and seasonal association with the type 1 diabetes high-risk genotype
Lynch, K. F., Lernmark, B., Merlo, J., Cilio, C., Ivarsson, S., Lernmark, Å., & for the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne (DiPiS) Study Group (2008) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211912 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lamb, M. M., Yin, X., Barriga, K. J., Hoffman, M., Barón, A. E., Eisenbarth, G. S., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0886 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dahlquist, G. G., Pundziūtė-Lyckå, A., Nyström, L., & Groups, S. C. D. S. A. T. D. I. S. I. S. (. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1759-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The completeness of the register varied between 86 and 97% (mean 91%) [ 7 ].”
InfluentialSelf-citationJoner, G., Stene, L. C., Sövik, O., & the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1618 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pundziūtė-Lyckå, A., Urbonaitė, B., Ostrauskas, R., Zalinkevicius, R., & Dahlquist, G. G. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.671 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationType 1 diabetes and associated autoimmune diseases
Frommer, L., & Kahaly, G. J. (2020) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.527 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
More Than 20 Years of Registration of Type 1 Diabetes in Sardinian Children
Bruno, G., Maule, M. M., Biggeri, A., Ledda, A., Mannu, C., Merletti, F., Songini, M., & the Sardinian Group for Diabetes Epidemiology (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1771 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gong, C., Meng, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, X., Cui, H., & Chen, X. (2014) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0205 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Schölin, A., Törn, C., Nyström, L., Berne, C., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Eriksson, J. W., Kockum, I. S., Landin‐Olsson, M., et al. (2004) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01175.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, P. A., Zgibor, J. C., & Dasanayake, A. P. (2003) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0369 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Rask, C., Evertsson, S., Telemo, E., & Wold, A. E. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01598.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes in Africa: an immunogenetic study in the Amhara of North-West Ethiopia
Balcha, S. A., Demisse, A. G., Mishra, R., Vartak, T., Cousminer, D. L., Hodge, K. M., Voight, B. F., Lorenz, K., Schwartz, S., Jerram, S. T., et al. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05229-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Teeäär, T., Liivak, N., Heilman, K., Kool, P., Šor, R., Paal, M., Einberg, Ü., & Tillmann, V. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00535.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This has been shown to be the case in some European countries, where an increase in childhood incidence was associated with a decrease in adult incidence (10, 11).”
BackgroundEising, S., Svensson, J., Skogstrand, K., Nilsson, A., Lynch, K. F., Andersen, P. S., Lernmark, Å., HOUGAARD, D. M., Pociot, F., Nørgaard‐Pedersen, B., et al. (2007) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00846.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sella, T., Shoshan, A., Goren, I., Shalev, V., Blumenfeld, O., Laron, Z., & Chodick, G. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03174.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Svensson, M. K. E., Tyrberg, M., Nyström, L., Arnqvist, H. J., Bolinder, J., Östman, J., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., Landin‐Olsson, M., & Eriksson, J. W. (2014) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2574 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Since 1983, the DISS has aimed to register all newly diagnosed cases of diabetes, except gestational diabetes, in the age group 15–34 years [16].”
Self-citationFranke, B., Galloway, T. S., & Wilkin, T. J. (2005) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.554 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The Swedish study reported no change in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0 to 34 over a 16year period, but the median age at diagnosis significantly decreased during this period [13].”
BackgroundHolmberg, H., Vaarala, O., Sadauskaitė – Kuehne, V., Ilonen, J., Padaiga, Ž., & Ludvigsson, J. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lindehammer, S. R., Larsson, K., Örtqvist, E., Carlsson, A., Cedervall, E., Cilio, C., Ivarsson, S. A., Jönsson, B., Larsson, H. E., Lynch, K. F., et al. (2008) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0048-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“According to several studies in trends of incidence, the overall increase in Sweden at 0–34 years of age seems to have reached a plateau, concurrently as the onset of disease has shifted to younger ages [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStahl‐Pehe, A., Kamrath, C., Prinz, N., Kapellen, T. M., Menzel, U., Kordonouri, O., Schwab, K., Pozza, S. B., Rosenbauer, J., & Holl, R. W. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13339 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Excess Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Women: A Case for Intensive Treatment
Recarti, C., Sep, S. J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Unger, T. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0554-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chapter 5.2: Major public health problems — diabetes
Eliasson, M., & Boström, G. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034950600676883 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Since the disease starts at increasingly low ages, however, increasing numbers will contract it during childhood, instead of as young adults [6].”
BackgroundChildhood growth and age at diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes in Colorado young people
Vehik, K., Hamman, R. F., Lezotte, D. C., Norris, J. M., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., & Dabelea, D. (2009) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02819.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hussen, H. I., Persson, M., & Moradi, T. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003418 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- and the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group, Pundziute-Lyckå, A., Dahlquist, G., Nyström, L., Arnqvist, H., Björk, E., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Eriksson, J., Sundkvist, G., & Östman, J.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Uppsala University Hospital (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Skåne University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2002-05-08
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 783-791
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1996624137
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, incidence trends, age at diagnosis, pediatric diabetes, sex differences, Sweden, diabetes registry, cumulative incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Regression Analysis, Sex Characteristics, Sweden, Time Factors, Incidence, Poisson Distribution, Age of Onset, Age Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
